Top performers

ABSTRACT

In various embodiments, a player may participate in a game of a top performing player.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/785,554 filed Mar. 5, 2013 which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/618,426 filed Dec. 29, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No.8,393,954 issued on Mar. 12, 2013), which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a system according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a casino server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a terminal for use by a secondary player, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a gaming device according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows a monitoring device (e.g., camera, card reader) accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows a database entry including various information about a game(e.g., date, time, outcome, player, bet amount)

FIG. 7 shows a database entry including various games played by aplayer.

FIG. 8 shows a touch screen display for entering betting information andtracking the progress of a game, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 shows a touch screen display for entering betting information andtracking the progress of a game, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following sections I-IX provide a guide to interpreting the presentapplication.

I. Terms

The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition ofmatter, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like,unless expressly specified otherwise.

Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise)inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a“step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in themere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, anyreference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficientantecedent basis.

The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventionsdisclosed in this application”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “theembodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “someembodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “anotherembodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments ofthe disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of theinvention, unless expressly specified otherwise.

A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does notimply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with anotherembodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referencedembodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean“including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anythingwhich may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality ofthings (such as an enumerated list of things), means any combination ofone or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. Forexample, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” meanseither (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car,(v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, acar and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifiesa plurality of things, does not mean “one of” each of the plurality ofthings.

Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbersto indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), meanthe quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at leastthe quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase“one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore thephrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets.

The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describesboth “based only on” and “based at least on”. The phrase “based at leaston” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on”.

The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” do not mean“represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words,the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both“the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data representsa credit card number and the data also represents something else”.

The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other setof words that express only the intended result, objective or consequenceof something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when theterm “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that theterm “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations ofthe claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim.

The term “e.g.” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus does notlimit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “thecomputer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over theInternet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an exampleof “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and alsoexplains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that thecomputer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “adata structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides“instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”.

The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is”, and thus limits the termor phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sendsdata (i.e., instructions) over the Internet”, the term “i.e.” explainsthat “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over theInternet.

Any given numerical range shall include whole and fractions of numberswithin the range. For example, the range “1 to 10” shall be interpretedto specifically include whole numbers between 1 and 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, . . . 9) and non-whole numbers (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.9).

II. Determining

The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., todetermine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meetsa certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term“determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore“determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving,investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database oranother data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining”can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g.,accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” caninclude resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision,and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating,predicting, guessing and the like.

The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing mustbe performed, and does not imply that numerical methods must be used,and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used.

The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must beused. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform thedetermining.

III. Indication

The term “indication” is used in an extremely broad sense. The term“indication” may, among other things, encompass a sign, symptom, ortoken of something else.

The term “indication” may be used to refer to any indicia and/or otherinformation indicative of or associated with a subject, item, entity,and/or other object and/or idea.

As used herein, the phrases “information indicative of” and “indicia”may be used to refer to any information that represents, describes,and/or is otherwise associated with a related entity, subject, orobject.

Indicia of information may include, for example, a code, a reference, alink, a signal, an identifier, and/or any combination thereof and/or anyother informative representation associated with the information.

In some embodiments, indicia of information (or indicative of theinformation) may be or include the information itself and/or any portionor component of the information. In some embodiments, an indication mayinclude a request, a solicitation, a broadcast, and/or any other form ofinformation gathering and/or dissemination.

IV. Forms of Sentences

Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as wellas more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least onewidget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where ina second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses adefinite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”),this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature,and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of thefeature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than onewidget).

When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) isused as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unlessexpressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature,such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature thatis described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a“first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a“second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and“second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any otherrelationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate anyother characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mereusage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term“widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or afterany other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widgetoccurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does notindicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as inimportance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbersdoes not define a numerical limit to the features identified with theordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers“first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate thatthere must be no more than two widgets.

When a single device or article is described herein, more than onedevice/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be usedin place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly,the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device mayalternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether ornot they cooperate).

Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein(whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article mayalternatively be used in place of the more than one device or articlethat is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devicesmay be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, thevarious functionality that is described as being possessed by more thanone device or article may alternatively be possessed by a singledevice/article.

The functionality and/or the features of a single device that isdescribed may be alternatively embodied by one or more other deviceswhich are described but are not explicitly described as having suchfunctionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include thedescribed device itself, but rather can include the one or more otherdevices which would, in those other embodiments, have suchfunctionality/features.

V. Disclosed Examples and Terminology are not Limiting

Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of thepresent application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of thepresent application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scopeof the disclosed invention(s). An Abstract has been included in thisapplication merely because an Abstract of not more than 150 words isrequired under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b).

The title of the present application and headings of sections providedin the present application are for convenience only, and are not to betaken as limiting the disclosure in any way.

Numerous embodiments are described in the present application, and arepresented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments arenot, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presentlydisclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, asis readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in theart will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced withvarious modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical,software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features ofthe disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one ormore particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understoodthat such features are not limited to usage in the one or moreparticular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they aredescribed, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodimentsof the invention(s). Also, the present disclosure is not a listing offeatures of the invention(s) which must be present in all embodiments.

Devices that are described as in communication with each other need notbe in continuous communication with each other, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit toeach other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain fromexchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine incommunication with another machine via the Internet may not transmitdata to the other machine for long period of time (e.g., weeks at atime). In addition, devices that are in communication with each othermay communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components or features doesnot imply that all or even any of such components/features are required.On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the presentinvention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, nocomponent/feature is essential or required.

Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described in aparticular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work indifferent orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps thatmay be explicitly described does not necessarily indicate a requirementthat the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processesdescribed herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, somesteps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or impliedas occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is describedafter the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by itsdepiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process isexclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not implythat the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to theinvention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process ispreferred.

Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps,that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred,essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of thedescribed invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all ofthe described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step isessential or required.

Although a process may be described singly or without reference to otherproducts or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact withother products or methods. For example, such interaction may includelinking one business model to another business model. Such interactionmay be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of theprocess.

Although a product may be described as including a plurality ofcomponents, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, thatdoes not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred,essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of thedescribed invention(s) include other products that omit some or all ofthe described plurality.

An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does notimply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unlessexpressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items(which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of theitems are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, aPDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list aremutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three itemsof that list are comprehensive of any category.

An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does notimply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other orreadily substituted for each other.

All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention orany embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be.

VI. Computing

It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that thevarious processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g.,appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purposecomputers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one ormore microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digitalsignal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory orlike device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one ormore processes defined by those instructions.

A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processingunits (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signalprocessors, or like devices or any combination thereof.

Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of anapparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs theprocess can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices andoutput devices that are appropriate to perform the process.

Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types ofdata) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g.,computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments,hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or incombination with, some or all of the software instructions that canimplement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, variouscombinations of hardware and software may be used instead of softwareonly.

The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium, a plurality ofthe same, or a combination of different media, that participate inproviding data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be readby a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take manyforms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media,and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, opticalor magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media includedynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes themain memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire andfiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled tothe processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves,light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generatedduring radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications.Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppydisk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magneticmedium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM,an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrierwave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computercan read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carryingdata (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, datamay be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over awireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmittedaccording to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet(or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth™, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G;and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of avariety of ways well known in the art.

Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of acomputer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process.The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) thoseprogram elements which are appropriate to perform the method.

Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicatethat all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatusinclude a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but notnecessarily all) of the described process.

Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does notindicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of acomputer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include acomputer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, cancause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of thedescribed process.

Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to thosedescribed may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structuresbesides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations ordescriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrativearrangements for stored representations of information. Any number ofother arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g.,tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustratedentries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one ofordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content ofthe entries can be different from those described herein. Further,despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats(including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributeddatabases) could be used to store and manipulate the data typesdescribed herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a databasecan be used to implement various processes, such as the describedherein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be storedlocally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such adatabase.

Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environmentincluding a computer that is in communication (e.g., via acommunications network) with one or more devices. The computer maycommunicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired orwireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, atelephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communicationsline, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, asatellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Eachof the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computingdevices, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any numberand type of devices may be in communication with the computer.

In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not benecessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in anembodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a centralauthority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein asperformed by the server computer or data described as stored on theserver computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or moresuch devices.

Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operatewithout any user intervention. In another embodiment, the processincludes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or withthe assistance of a human).

VII. Continuing Applications

The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, anenabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some ofthese embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the presentapplication, but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuingapplications that claim the benefit of priority of the presentapplication. Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursuepatents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but notclaimed in the present application.

VIII. 35 U.S.C. § 112, Paragraph 6

In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “meansfor” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6,applies to that limitation.

In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase“means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112,paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whetherthat limitation recites a function without recitation of structure,material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim,the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” inreferring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does notmean that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s).

With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function inaccordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, the correspondingstructure, material or acts described in the specification, andequivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as thespecified function.

Computers, processors, computing devices and like products arestructures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such productscan be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or moreprograms, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product orin a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expresslyspecified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particularalgorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed inthe present application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art that a specified function may be implemented via differentalgorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a meredesign choice for carrying out the specified function.

Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specifiedfunction in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, structurecorresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed toperform the specified function. Such structure includes programmedproducts which perform the function, regardless of whether such productis programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing thefunction, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or(iii) a different algorithm for performing the function.

IX. Prosecution History

In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), oneof ordinary skill in the art shall refer to the prosecution history ofthe present application, but not to the prosecution history of any otherpatent or patent application, regardless of whether there are otherpatent applications that are considered related to the presentapplication.

X. Embodiments of the Invention Terms

As used herein, the term “viewing window” includes an area of a gamingdevice at which symbols or outcomes are visible. The area may, forinstance, include a pane of glass or other transparent material situatedover reels of the gaming device. Thus, only the portion of the reelsunder the transparent material may be visible to the player. A viewingwindow may include a display screen, in some embodiments. The symbols oroutcomes visible in the viewing window may include the symbols oroutcomes that determine the player's winnings.

Encryption

As used herein, the term “encryption” refers to a process for obscuringor hiding information so that the information is not readilyunderstandable without special knowledge. The process of encryption maytransform raw information, called plaintext, into encrypted information.The encrypted information may be called ciphertext, and the algorithmfor transforming the plaintext into ciphertext may be referred to as acipher. A cipher may also be used for performing the reverse operationof converting the ciphertext back into plaintext. Examples of ciphersinclude substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and ciphersimplemented using rotor machines.

In various encryption methods, ciphers may require a supplementary pieceof information called a key. A key may consist, for example, of a stringof bits. A key may be used in conjunction with a cipher to encryptplaintext. A key may also be used in conjunction with a cipher todecrypt ciphertext. In a category of ciphers called symmetric keyalgorithms (e.g., private-key cryptography), the same key is used forboth encryption and decryption. The sanctity of the encryptedinformation may thus depend on the key being kept secret. Examples ofsymmetric key algorithms are DES and AES. In a category of cipherscalled asymmetric key algorithms (e.g., public-key cryptography),different keys are used for encryption and decryption. With anasymmetric key algorithm, any member of the public may use a first key(e.g., a public key) to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. However, onlythe holder of a second key (e.g., the private key) will be able todecrypt the ciphertext back in to plaintext. An example of an asymmetrickey algorithm is the RSA algorithm.

It will be appreciated that other methods besides encryption may be usedto hide or obscure information, such as encoding or steganography. Suchmethods may also be used in conjunction with cryptography.

Encryption may be used to:

-   -   Send a message only specific recipients can read. For example,        Alice and Bob may both be in possession of the same secret key.        Alice may encrypt a plaintext message with the secret key. She        may transmit the resultant ciphertext to Bob. Bob may then        decrypt the cyphertext using the secret key so as to view the        plaintext version of the message.    -   Allow messages to be encrypted by many and decrypted only one        (e.g., PGP). For example, Alice may possess a public and a        private key. Bob may wish to send Alice a message that only        Alice will be able to read. Bob may create a message in        plaintext and encrypt it using Alice's public key. Bob may send        the resultant ciphertext to Alice. Alice may then decrypt the        ciphertext using her private key, and may thereby view the        plaintext message. Should Cindy intercept the ciphertext message        on its way from Bob to Alice, Cindy would not be able to decrypt        the message since Cindy would not have access to Alice's private        key. Alice's public key, although available to Cindy, would not        be sufficient to decrypt the ciphertext message in a practicable        amount of time.    -   Authenticate the sender of a message. This use of encryption may        include having the sender create a digital signature. For        example, Alice would like to send a message to Bob in such a way        that Bob can be confident that the message has come from her.        Alice may construct a plaintext message and encrypt the        plaintext into ciphertext using her private key. Alice may then        send the ciphertext message to Bob. Bob may then use Alice's        public key to decrypt the ciphertext back in to plaintext. Since        Alice's public key only works to decrypt a ciphertext message        created using Alice's private key, and since presumably only        Alice has access to her own private key, Bob can be confident        that the message originated from Alice.    -   Allow for non-repudiation. If a sender has applied a digital        signature to a message, or portion of a message, then the sender        will not later be able to claim he did not send the message.    -   Guarantee a time/data sent. See hashing below.    -   Guarantee receipt by recipient. See hashing below.    -   Verify that a message has not been altered after being sent by        the sender. See hashing below.

Hashing is a process whereby input data, typically of arbitrary length,is transformed into output data, typically of shorter length and/or offixed length. A hash function is a function that performs thetransformation. Often, useful hash functions will be one-way functions.That is, for a given input, the output can be computed readily. However,for a given output, the input which produced the output will bedifficult to calculate. Also, useful hash functions will often have theproperty that two differing inputs rarely produce the same output.Hashing can be used for the following purposes:

-   -   To perform data redundancy checks. For example, a database may        contain a large number of names. The names may be of arbitrary        length. To check for redundant names, hash values for the names        may be created. The hash values may be of smaller size than the        names and may all be of the same length. Thus, it may be easier        to compare the hash values of the names that it will be to        compare the names themselves.    -   To verify that a message has not been altered. For example,        Alice can send a plaintext message to Bob along with a hash        value of the message. Alice can apply a digital signature to the        hash value so as to assure Bob that the hash value has been sent        by Alice. When Bob receives the plaintext message from Alice,        Bob can compute the hash value of the message. If the hash value        that Bob computes is the same as the hash value that Alice has        sent to Bob, then Bob can be fairly confident that the message        has not been altered en route from Alice to Bob.    -   To prove possession of a message without having to reveal the        message. For example, Alice can send a message to Bob. Bob can        take the hash of the message and send it back to Alice. Alice        may thus be assured that Bob has the message without the risk of        the message being intercepted en route from Bob to Alice.    -   To prove possession of a message at a certain time without        having to reveal the message. For example, Alice might have a        great idea and wish to prove she came up with it at a certain        time without having to reveal the idea. Thus, Alice might write        out the idea in the form of text, and take a hash value of the        text. Alice can then publish the hash of the text in a        newspaper. It will then be readily apparent that Alice had        possession of the idea at least on the date of the newspaper's        publication.    -   To timestamp a document. For example, a document may be sent to        a time-stamping service. The service may then determine the hash        value of the document. The service may append the then current        date and time to the hash value of the document and apply a        digital signature to the result. The digitally signed hash value        plus date and time may then be published. So long as the        time-stamping service can be trusted to provide accurate dates        and times (e.g., not to use old dates and times) then the        published timestamp may serve as proof that the document was in        existence as of the date and time provided by the time-stamping        service. Further precautions may ensure that it becomes very        difficult for even the time-stamping service to provide fake        times and dates. For example, the time-stamping service may add        a sequence number, (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) to each document it        timestamps. If the service wishes to provide an old date, the        service would have to find an older sequence number. The older        sequence number would have to fit between two sequence numbers        used immediately before and immediately after the desired fake        date. However, no such sequence number would be available if,        e.g., no numbers had been skipped in the first place.

FIG. 1 shows a system according to some embodiments. According to someembodiments, Casino A and Casino B may represent facilities whereparticipation in games of chance or in other contests is permitted. Invarious embodiments, in Casinos A and B, players may place bets on gamesor contests, and/or may win or lose money based on games or contests.The system of FIG. 1 may permit secondary players in Casino A andsecondary players in Casino B to participate in the games of primaryplayers who are at Casino A. Further, the system of FIG. 1 may permit asecondary player outside of Casinos A or B to participate in games ofprimary players at casino A. Further, the system of FIG. 1 may permitregulators to track various data related to the games of primary playersplayed at Casino A, to the participation in games by secondary playerswho are at Casino A, to the participation in games by secondary playerswho are at Casino B, and to the participation in games by secondaryplayers who are at neither Casino A nor Casino B. According to someembodiments, Casino A may include a server 110. The server may be incommunication with a gaming device 130, a monitoring device 160, and aterminal of secondary player X 140, each of which may lie within thepremises of Casino A. Server 110 may further be in communication withserver 120 of Casino B, with a server of a regulator 170, and with adevice of a secondary player Z 190, where the secondary player device190 is not located on the premises of Casino A nor Casino B.Communication between server 110 and the device 190 may occur through anexternal network 180, e.g., through the Internet. Casino B may include aserver 120 which is in communication with server 110, with the server ofa regulator 170, and with a terminal of secondary player Y 150, whichmay lie within the premises of Casino B.

In some embodiments, the server of Casino A 110 may receive data about agame from gaming device 130 or from monitoring device 160. A monitoringdevice may include a device such as a camera or microphone which maymonitor a game at Casino A and transmit data about the game to theserver of Casino A. The server of Casino A may transmit data receivedfrom gaming device 130 or monitoring device 160 to the terminal of asecondary player X 140 so as to allow the terminal 140 to recreate thegame, to accept bets from secondary player X on the game, and to paywinnings to secondary player X based on the game.

The server of Casino A 110 may further transmit received data about agame to the server of Casino B 120. The server of Casino B may, in turn,transmit such data to the terminal of a secondary player Y 150 so as toallow the terminal 150 to recreate the game, to accept bets fromsecondary player Y on the game, and to pay winnings to secondary playerY based on the game.

The server of Casino A 110 may further transmit received data about agame to the device of secondary player Z 190, e.g., through theInternet. The device of secondary player Z 190 may, in turn, recreatethe game for secondary player Z, receive bets on the game from secondaryplayer Z, and/or credit winnings to secondary player Z based on thegame.

The server of Casino A 110 may further transmit received data about agame to the server of the regulator 170. Such data may allow theregulator to monitor the fairness of games, to watch for illegal gaming,to track taxable income of the casino, or to perform any other desiredfunction.

In various embodiments, the terminal of secondary player X 140 maytransmit to the server of Casino A 110 data about the activities ofsecondary player X at the terminal. Further, the terminal of secondaryplayer Y 150 may transmit to the server of Casino B 120 data about theactivities of secondary player Y at the terminal. The server of Casino B120 may transmit such data to the server of Casino A 110. Further, thedevice of secondary player Z 150 may transmit to the server of Casino A110 data about the activities of secondary player Z at the device. Datareceived by the server of Casino A 110 from terminals 140 and 150, andfrom device 190 may allow the server of Casino A to tracking winningsand losses of secondary players X, Y, and Z; to determine which data(e.g., data about which games) to transmit to the terminals or device;to determine an amount owed to Casino A by Casino B for use of data fromCasino A; and so on. Further, data received by the server of Casino A110 from terminals 140 and 150, and from device 190 may be forwarded tothe server of the regulator 170. The regulator may use such data totrack the bets of secondary players, to check for illegal gambling, tomonitor the fairness of games, etc.

It should be appreciated that the system of FIG. 1 represents a systemaccording to some embodiments, and that other servers, devices,terminals, networks, and communication links may be present in variousembodiments.

FIG. 2 shows the Casino A server according to some embodiments. Invarious embodiments a similar server may constitute the Casino B server,or the server of any other casino. The storage device 230 may storeprogram data. The program data may be used to direct the processor 210to execute algorithms in accordance with various embodiments. Thestorage device 230 may store other types of data. Such data may includedata received from the play of games; data that can be used to recreategames; data describing bets, wins, and loss of primary and secondaryplayers; data describing the current locations or activities of primaryor secondary players; data describing amounts owed to a casino; and soon. Communication port 220 may be used to transmit and/or to receivedata. Communication port 220 may include an antenna, a wirelesstransmitter, a signal generator, a router, or any other communicationdevice. Any data transmitted or received may be stored, at least at somepoint, in storage device 230.

FIG. 3 shows a gaming device 130 according to some embodiments. Thestorage device 330 may store program data. The program data may be usedto direct the processor 310 to execute algorithms in accordance withvarious embodiments. Program data may include data used to generategraphics, to determine game outcomes, to compute winnings, and so on.The storage device 330 may store other types of data. Such data mayinclude data describing bets, wins, and losses by a primary player atgaming device 130. Input device 340 may include sensors, buttons, touchscreens, microphones, bill validators, coin acceptors, card readers, andany other means by which a primary player or other party may interactwith gaming device 130. For example, the input device 340 may include a“bet” button.

The output device 350 may include display screens, microphones, lights,coin dispensers, buzzers, and any other means by which a gaming devicemay provide a signal to the secondary player. The communication port 320may be used to transmit and/or to receive data.

FIG. 4 shows a terminal 140 for use by a secondary player, according tosome embodiments. The storage device 430 may store program data. Theprogram data may be used to direct the processor 410 to executealgorithms in accordance with various embodiments. Program data mayinclude data used to a recreate games or depictions of games based ondata received about original games. Program data may include data usedto generate graphics, to display game outcomes, to compute winnings, andso on. The storage device 430 may store other types of data. Such datamay include data describing bets, wins, and losses by a secondary playerat terminal 140. Input device 340 may include sensors, buttons, touchscreens, microphones, bill validators, coin acceptors, card readers, andany other means by which a secondary player or other party may interactwith terminal 130. For example, the input device 340 may include a “bet”button.

The output device 350 may include display screens, microphones, lights,coin dispensers, buzzers, and any other means by which terminal 140 mayprovide a signal to the secondary player. The communication port 320 maybe used to transmit and/or to receive data.

FIG. 5 shows a monitoring device 160 according to some embodiments. Themonitoring device may receive data about a game via input device 530.The input device 530 may include a camera, microphone, pressure sensor,bar code scanner, sensor, button, and so on. For example, an inputdevice may include a camera that is pointed at a table where a game ofblackjack is being played. For example, an input device may include acamera that is pointed at the viewing window of a slot machine.Communication port 520 may be used to transmit data received by theinput device to e.g., a casino server. In various embodiments, themonitoring device may serve multiple purposes, some of which may notinvolve receiving data about a game. For example, a monitoring devicemay include a camera which also serves security purposes at casinos.

FIG. 6 shows a database entry 600 including various information about agame. The database entry may store various aspects of a game played byprimary player (e.g., by Jane Smith). Such data may later be used toallow a secondary player to participate in the game.

FIG. 7 shows a database entry 700 including various games played by aplayer. The player may be a primary player. The data in database entry700 may allow a secondary player to examine historical data about thegames of a primary player (e.g., about the games of Sam Hunter),including statistics about the games (e.g., the profits made in the last100 games).

FIG. 8 shows a display screen for entering betting information andtracking the progress of a game, according to some embodiments. Thedisplay screen may be sensitive and/or responsive to touch and maythereby function as a touch screen, in some embodiments. One area of thedisplay screen lists the favored primary players of the secondary playercurrently viewing the display. Presumably, the secondary player haslogged in or otherwise identified himself to the terminal or device towhich the display belongs. The secondary player may have previouslyindicated his favored primary players. The casino may thus track thewhereabouts of the favored primary players and alert the secondaryplayer when a favored primary player begins play.

Another area of the display screen includes an announcements area. Thecasino may make announcements to the secondary player. Suchannouncements may include promotional announcements. For example, suchannouncements may include announcements of discounts at casino or otherrestaurants, announcements of discounts on shows, announcements aboutupcoming concerts or boxing matches, announcements about discounts onhotel rooms, and so on. Announcements may include promotions for otherproducts, such as automobiles, toothpaste, or plane flights to theCaribbean. Announcements may further include announcements about primaryplayers in which the secondary player may be interested. For example, anannouncement may indicate that a favored primary player of the secondaryplayer has just begun play.

Another area of the display screen includes a list of primary playersthat are available in the sense that the secondary player mayparticipate in the games of these primary players. This display area mayidentify the primary player, either by real name or by an alias, such as“TeeBone”. The alias may allow a primary player to maintain someanonymity or privacy. This display area may further indicate a gamewhich the primary player is playing (and thus the game the secondaryplayer would be participating in), a minimum bet required of thesecondary player to participate in the game, and one or more statisticsrelated to the primary players. For example, statistics may indicate anumber of consecutive games won by the primary players. This displayarea may further include areas where a secondary player can touch inorder to begin participating in the games of a primary player. Forexample, by touching an area labeled “select” next to primary playerRobert Clements, the secondary player may begin participating in thegames of Robert Clemens.

Another area of the display screen includes windows where a secondaryplayer may track the progress of games in which he is participating.FIG. 8 depicts a first window where the secondary player can follow thegame of primary player “TeeBone”, in whose game the secondary player isparticipating. The game is blackjack, and the secondary player has a betof $5 riding on the game. The game is currently in progress. FIG. 8depicts a second window where the secondary player can follow the gameof primary player Sue Baker. The game is a slot machine game. The gamehas just finished with an outcome of “cherry-bar-cherry”. The secondaryplayer has just won $6 on the game. Now, the secondary player has theopportunity to place bets on the next game, as indicated by the status“open for bets”.

Another area of the display screen includes a display of the creditbalance of the secondary player. These credits may be used to bet ongames in which the secondary player is participating. Each credit maycorrespond, for example, to $0.25 in value. The secondary player mayplace bets using the betting areas of the display screen, including a“Bet 25¢” area, a “Bet $1” area, a “Bet $5” area, a “Repeat Last Bet”area, and an “Auto Bet” area. When touched, such areas may apply to onlythe game which has a status of “Open for Bets”. For example, touchingthe “Bet 1” may cause a bet of $1 to be placed on the game of Sue Baker,since it is that game which has the status of “Open for Bets”. In thisway, there need not be a separate set of betting buttons for every gamein which the secondary player is participating. The “Repeat Last Bet”area may allow the secondary player to easily repeat a prior bet thatmay take extra effort to enter using the other betting areas. Forexample, rather than touching the “Bet $1” area 4 times to enter a $4bet, the secondary player might simply touch the “Repeat Last Bet” areato repeat a prior bet of $4. The “Auto Bet” area may allow the secondaryplayer to continue making the same bet on each new game, for example,without having to always enter a bet. In some embodiments, the secondaryplayer may program in a particular betting strategy and then touch the“Auto Bet” area to have the strategy executed automatically by theterminal of the secondary player. The “Lock Game” area may allow thesecondary player to prevent access to the terminal by other secondaryplayers while he steps away for a break. The “Order Drinks” area mayallow the secondary player to order drinks or other items and have themdelivered to his terminal without ever leaving.

As will be appreciated, the various areas of the touch screen that allowtouch interaction may also be implemented using ordinary buttons or anyother interactive technology.

It should be appreciated that the figures do not necessarily showeverything that might be included in a system, object, machine, device,etc. For example, although not shown in FIG. 3, gaming device 130 mayinclude a coin hopper.

-   1. One player bets on the outcome of a game of another player. For    example, one player bets on whether a winning outcome will be    achieved in the game of another player. For example, one player bets    on whether another player will win. In various embodiments, one    player may place a bet and either win or lose money based on the    results of a game played by another player. As used herein, “primary    player”, “primary players”, and the like, may refer to a player or    players who most directly participate in a game, such as a casino    game. A primary player may, for example, be physically located at a    slot machine and may participate in a game at the slot machine by    inserting a coin, indicating a bet amount, and pulling a handle of    the slot machine. A primary player may also be physically located at    a table game, such as a game of blackjack with a live dealer. In    various embodiments, a primary player directly initiates a game in    which he participates, e.g., by pulling the handle of slot machine    or physically placing a bet at a table game and motioning to a    dealer that he is interested in playing. In various embodiments, a    particular game would not occur but for the actions of the primary    player.    -   As used herein, “secondary player”, “secondary players”, and the        like, may refer to a player or players who participate or may        come to participate in games played by primary players or by        other secondary players. For example, a secondary player places        a bet on a game in which a primary player is involved. The        secondary player wins if the primary player wins, and the        secondary player loses if the primary player loses. In another        example, a secondary player places a bet for a game that has        already occurred. When placing the bet, the secondary player        does not know the outcome of the game. Once the secondary player        has placed the bet, the outcome of the game may be revealed to        the secondary player, and the secondary player may be paid if        the outcome is a winning outcome. In another embodiment,        secondary player A places a $10 bet on secondary player B,        betting that secondary player B will win a game on which        secondary player B has placed a $20 bet. If secondary player B        wins the $20 bet, then secondary player A will win the $10 bet.        In various embodiments, the secondary player does not initiate        the game in which he participates. In various embodiments, a        game in which the secondary player participates would occur        whether or not the secondary player chose to bet on the game.        The game in which a secondary player participates may be        initiated by a primary player or may be initiated automatically,        e.g., by a computer program.    -   Where ever data is used herein, it should be understood that        such data may be stored, such as in a database or in any other        suitable medium, format, or data structure. Data may be stored        in either a fixed location or throughout distributed locations.        Data may be stored either in a single location or in multiple        locations (e.g., in multiple redundant locations). The data may        be retrieved as needed from its storage location. When data is        generated but not immediately needed, such data may be stored        for later retrieval. Data may be accessible by reference to any        part of the data, including any tag or label associated with the        data. For example, if some data elements of a set of data        elements are known, the remaining data elements from the set of        data elements may be retrieved based on the known data elements.        For example, the known data elements may serve as a search key        for finding the remaining data elements in the set of data        elements.    -   In all applicable embodiments described herein, any data        generated, transmitted, stored, retrieved, or used may also be        stored for auditing purposes. Such data may be made available to        regulators to casinos (e.g., to casinos generating the data;        e.g., to casinos using the data), or to any other relevant        party. Data that may be stored may include data describing the        size of a bet made by a primary player on a game, the type of        bet made by a primary player on a game, intermediate events that        occurred during a game (e.g., rolls prior to the final roll in a        game of craps), the date of a game, the decision options that        were available in a game (e.g., hit, stand in blackjack), the        decisions that were made in a game, the outcome of a game, the        amount paid to the winner of a game, and so on.    -   In various embodiments, data may be collected and stored        relating to any searches of game related data. For example,        suppose a secondary player searches for all games in which a        payout of more than 100 coins was won. Accordingly, data        indicating the search criteria may be stored so that it may be        possible to determine in the future that a secondary player        searched for all games in which a payout of more than 100 coins        was won. Further data describing the results of a search may be        stored. For example, if the search by the secondary player        yielded 1218 games, then this fact may be stored. Further        identifiers for each game identified by the search may be        stored.    -   1.1. One player places bets on a game in which another player        participates. In various embodiments, a secondary player may        place a bet on the outcome of a game itself. For example, a        secondary player may place a bet on the outcome of a slot        machine game. If the outcome “bar-bar-bar” occurs in the game,        then the secondary player may receive ten times his bet. The        secondary player need not, in various embodiments, place the        same type of bet as does the primary player. For example, the        primary player may initiate a craps game with a “pass” bet. The        secondary player may bet on the same craps game, but may place a        “don't pass” bet. Thus, though the secondary player and the        primary player have placed bets on the same game, the primary        player may lose and the secondary player may win.    -   1.2. One player places bets on how another player will do. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may place a bet on what        will happen to a primary player in a game. The secondary player        does not, in various embodiments, bet on the outcome of the game        itself, but only on how the outcome of the game effects the        primary player given the primary player's bet on the game. For        example, the secondary player may bet that the primary player        will win the game. If the primary player wins, then the        secondary player's bet may be a winning bet and the secondary        player may receive a payment. If, however, the primary player        loses, then the secondary player may lose.        -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may bet that            the primary player will lose. The secondary player may thus            receive a payment for a winning bet if the primary player            loses, but the secondary player may lose his bet if the            primary player wins.        -   It should be noted that often, a bet placed by a primary            player will provide the house or casino with an advantage.            This is how the house may make money, on average. Thus, if a            secondary player is permitted to place a bet against a            primary player, then the secondary player may enjoy the same            advantage as the house. In various embodiments, the            secondary player may be charged a fee for betting against            the primary player. The fee may provide the house with an            advantage in a bet that might otherwise favor the secondary            player. The fee may be a flat fee. The fee may be a            percentage of the secondary player's bet. The fee may be            taken only from payments of winnings received by the            secondary player. For example, if the secondary player wins            a payment of $10 based on a $10 bet placed, 50 cents may be            deducted from the payment and kept by the house.        -   In various embodiments a fee charged to the secondary player            may be set at an amount which provides to the house the same            advantage as the house had against the primary player. As            used herein, a “house advantage” or “house edge” may be            defined as a ratio of the expected amount won by a casino to            the initial amount bet by a player. Suppose that a house            advantage on a game is 1.41%. Thus, a primary player who            bets $1 could expect to receive $0.98.59 back, on average.            Further, suppose that a primary player initially bets $1 and            may receive back $0 (for a net loss of $1) or may receive            back $2 (for a net gain of $1). An exemplary such bet would            be a $1 pass bet in the game of craps. The secondary player,            in this example, may bet $1 against the primary player. The            secondary player would then expect to receive back $1.01.41,            on average. In order to give the house the same advantage            against the secondary player that it had against the primary            player, the secondary player may be charged a fee of            $0.02.82. This fee may be rounded to $0.03, or may be varied            over a large number of secondary player bets so as to            average out to $0.02.82. With the fee taken into account,            the secondary player might expect to receive $0.98.59 back            per dollar bet, providing the house with the same advantage            against the secondary player as it had against the primary            player.        -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may not be            allowed to take exactly the opposite position as does the            primary (e.g., where all wins for the primary player are            losses for the secondary player, and vice versa). In various            embodiments, an outcome that causes the primary player to            lose may not result in a win for the secondary player, even            though the secondary player has bet against the primary            player. For example, an outcome of “plum-orange-cherry” may            cause the primary player to lose, but may also cause the            secondary player to lose. In various embodiments, an outcome            that caused the primary player to lose may result in a push            or tie for the secondary player. In this way, the house may            maintain an edge against the secondary player even if the            house also had an edge against the primary player. In            various embodiments, the outcomes which are losing for the            primary player and not winning for the secondary player may            be chosen in such a way that the house is given the same            advantage over the secondary player that it had over the            primary player. For example, suppose that a particular game            provides the primary player with the potential to either win            $1 net, or lose $1 net. Suppose further that the game has a            2% house edge. Suppose further that outcomes X and Y in the            game are both losing outcomes for the primary player.            Outcome X occurs with probability 0.03, and outcome Y occurs            with probability 0.01. With a bet of $1 against the primary            player, the secondary player would ordinarily expect to win            $1.02, for an average net profit of $0.02. However, in            various embodiments, outcomes X and Y may also be counted as            ties for the secondary player. The secondary player's            expected payment is then reduced by the probability of X            times the amount that would have been won (beyond the bet            amount) upon the occurrence of X, plus the probability of Y            times the amount that would have been won (beyond the bet            amount) upon the occurrence of Y. This reduction is equal to            0.03×$1+0.01×$1=$0.04. The secondary player's expected            winnings have thus been brought down from $1.02 to $0.98.            This reduction provides the house with the same 2% edge            against the secondary player as it had in the original game            against the primary player.        -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may bet against            an outcome that would ordinarily be winning in a game. For            example, in a game of blackjack, the secondary player may            bet that the dealer will win. In various embodiments, the            house may then alter the probabilities of various outcomes            in the game so as to return an edge to the house. For            example, if a secondary player bets on the dealer in a game            of blackjack, the house may remove cards with low point            values from the deck. This may reduce the probability of a            dealer win, and thus may reduce the probability that the            secondary player may win when betting on the dealer. In            various embodiments, a game where the secondary player bets            on the house may not be a game that was actually played by a            primary player. Rather, the game may be a game that is or            was simulated by the house with probabilities of various            outcomes altered from the standard probabilities of the            game.        -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may take the            house's position, or approximately the house's position, and            bet against a primary player. The secondary player may            thereby lose whatever the primary player wins, and win            whatever the primary player loses. For example, if the            primary player loses his bet of $1, then the secondary            player may win $1. However, if the primary player wins $10,            the secondary loses $10. In order that the house may be sure            of collecting $10 from the secondary player in the event            that the primary player wins $10, the house may require the            secondary player to place a sufficient deposit with the            house to cover possible losses of the secondary player. The            deposit might come in the form of a credit balance that the            secondary player has accumulated (e.g., as a result of            inserting bills, or as a result of winning bets), in the            form of a financial account that the house is free to charge            in order to collect on the secondary player's obligations            (e.g., the secondary player may provide a credit card            number), in the form of a check that the secondary player            has provided to the house, or in any other suitable form. In            various embodiments, the house may require a deposit or            other commitment from the secondary player equal to the            maximum possible payout that may be received by the primary            player. For example, suppose the primary player participates            in a game in which the primary player may win up to $100. If            the secondary player bets against the primary player, then            the secondary player may risk losing up to $100 in a game.            The house may thus require the secondary player to have a            credit balance of as much as $100 in order to bet against            the primary player. In various embodiments, the house may            require the secondary player to confirm (e.g., by pressing a            button) that the secondary player is aware he has the            potential to lose up to X amount, where X is the maximum the            secondary player might lose from participating in a game.        -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet against a            primary player while not mirroring the payouts of the            primary player. For example, the secondary player may bet $1            on a game in which the secondary player bets that the            primary player will lose. If the primary player does lose            the game, the secondary player may receive $1.25, for a net            profit of $0.25. If, the primary player wins, the secondary            player may lose his bet of $1, for a net loss of $1. The            secondary player may lose $1 regardless of the amount that            the primary player wins. For example, the secondary player            may lose $1 whether the primary player wins $1 or whether            the primary player wins $100.        -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may bet that a            primary player will win a certain multiple of the primary            player's bet in a given game. For example, the secondary            player may bet $5 that the primary player will win at least            triple the primary player's bet of $2 in a game. The            secondary player may win $20 if the primary player wins at            least $6. Otherwise, the secondary player may lose his bet            of $5.        -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may be paid            according to a table or function that maps every possible            result of a primary player to a payment for the secondary            player. For example, the secondary player may receive $3 if            the primary player wins $0, $5 if the primary player wins            $1, $0 if the primary player wins $2, $0 if the primary            player wins $3, $1 if the primary player wins $4, and so on.            As will be understood, the function need not perform a            linear or continuous mapping.        -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may be forbidden            and/or prevented from placing a bet that would provide the            secondary player with an edge. For example, a secondary            player may be prevented from betting against a primary            player, where the house had an edge versus the primary            player.    -   1.3. A player places bets for games from the past. In various        embodiments, a secondary player may place a bet on a game that        has occurred in the past. With respect to the game, at least one        of the following may have occurred in the past (e.g., before the        secondary player placed a bet on the game): (a) the game's        start; (b) the game's conclusion; (c) collection of a bet from        the primary player who played the game; and (d) payment of        winnings to the primary player who played the game.        -   When a game is originally played, a record of the game may            be created. The record may include data sufficient to            recreate all or part of the game. Such data may include: (a)            one or more seeds or random numbers used to generate            outcomes for the game; (b) one or more outcomes of the game            (e.g., “cherry-bell-lemon”; e.g., a sequence of five cards,            such as cards constituting a poker hand; e.g., a set of            hands of cards, such as a player hand and dealer hand, or            such as a player hand and hands of the player's opponent;            e.g., the number or numbers showing on one or more dice,            such as in a game of craps; e.g., a sequence of numbers            showing on a sequence of dice rolls; e.g., a set of numbers            in a game of keno; e.g., the payouts achieved in a bonus            round; e.g., the level achieved in a bonus round); (c) one            or more symbols comprising an outcome of the game; (d) one            or more cards; (e) reel positions for one or more reels of a            slot machine; (f) a number of decks used; (g) a decision            made by a primary player of the game; (h) one or more            algorithms used to generate an outcome of the game; (i) an            identifier for the gaming device used in the game; (j) a pay            table used for the game; (k) a make, model, or year for the            gaming device used in the game; (l) a date or time when the            game was played; (m) a location where the game was            played; (n) a dealer involved in the game; (o) a position of            the primary player at a table used in playing the game; (p)            an identifier (e.g., a name) for the primary player who            played the game; (q) an identifier of another player in the            game (e.g., another player at a blackjack table where the            game was played); (r) a bet made by a primary player of the            game; (s) winnings received by the primary player in the            game; (t) video footage of the game; (u) audio footage of            the game; and (v) an order of cards dealt from a deck of            cards. Video footage of the game may include video footage            from various perspectives. In some embodiments, video            footage may show or focus on cards, dice, or reels, or other            items which determine and/or reveal the outcome of a game.            Video footage may include footage of actions in a game, such            as footage of a player making bets, making decision, and/or            collecting winnings. Such video footage may focus on a            player's hands, for example. In some embodiments, video            footage may show or focus on a dealer or other casino            representative in charge of a game. In some embodiments,            video footage may show or focus on a player's face or body.            For example, video footage may show a player's facial            expressions or body language during a game. In some            embodiments, video footage may focus on spectators. In some            embodiments, video footage is recorded from a live game. In            some embodiments, video footage is generated. Video footage            may be generated based on stored data about a game.        -   Video footage may be generated in a number of ways. In some            embodiments, video footage may be generated by assembling            stock video clips. For example, one stock video clip may            show a primary player (e.g., an actor acting as a primary            player) making a bet. Another stock video clip may show a            primary player rolling the dice. There may be stock video            clips of every possible outcome in a game. For example,            there may be a stock video clip showing the every possible            roll of two dice. To assemble video footage of a complete            game, the casino may e.g., put together a video clip of a            bet being made, a video clip of an outcome being rolled            corresponding to the outcome that actually occurred in the            original game the secondary player is betting on, and a            video clip of a player collecting his winnings. In some            embodiments, stock video footage may include video footage            of entire games. Should a similar game later occur, the same            video footage may be used for the similar game when the            secondary player is participating in the similar game.        -   In some embodiments, video footage is generated using            computer algorithms. For example, computer algorithms may            generate footage showing a simulated primary player placing            a bet and rolling dice, the dice bouncing and landing, a            simulated croupier paying winnings, and so on. In various            embodiments, video may be generated so as to be true, as            much as practicable, to the data of the game. For example,            video may be generated to show a video or animated depiction            of an outcome that actually occurred in a game of a primary            player.        -   In various embodiments, video may be generated based on data            about a game. Data indicating the bet amount of a primary            player may be used to generate video of a primary player            (e.g., a simulated primary player) making a bet of the same            bet amount. Data indicating an outcome of a game may be used            to generate video showing the same outcome being generated.            Data indicating intermediate symbols or indicia that appear            during a game may be used to generate video showing those            same intermediate symbols or indicia. For example, data            indicating that a particular position at a blackjack table            was dealt the seven of hearts may be used to generate video            showing the simulated dealing of the seven of hearts on a            simulated blackjack table. Data indicating the identity of a            primary player may be used to generate video. For example,            based on a stored photo of a primary player, the casino may            generate cartoon caricatures of the primary player playing a            game. Data indicating the age or other demographic of a            primary player may be used to generate video. For example,            if the primary player is a 60 year-old female, the casino            may generate a cartoon caricature of a 60 year-old female            playing a game. In some embodiments, demographic data about            a player may be used to retrieve stock footage of a player            with similar characteristics. For example, stock footage of            a 60 year-old female player may be retrieved.        -   The record of the game may be stored by a gaming device,            casino server, third party server, or other device.            Subsequently, a secondary player may place a bet on the            game, or on some aspect of the game. Once the secondary            player has placed a bet, data stored in the record may be            used to recreate the game, or to recreate some aspect of the            game. For example, video footage of the game may be shown to            the secondary player. In some embodiments, the outcome of            the game may simply be displayed for the secondary player.        -   Based on the outcome of the game, and based on the bet            placed by the secondary player, the secondary player may            lose his bet, lose a portion of his bet, break even, or be            paid winnings. For example, if the outcome of the game is a            winning outcome, then the secondary player may be paid based            on the standard rules of the game. For example, if the            secondary player bets $10 on a game of blackjack, and the            primary player in the game received 20 points to the            dealer's 19, then the secondary player may win $10 in            addition to keeping his bet.        -   If the secondary player has placed a bet on what would            happen to the primary player, then the winnings and/or            losses of the primary player may be revealed to the            secondary player. For example, if the secondary player bet            against the primary player, and the primary player lost, the            secondary player may win. If the secondary player made a bet            whereby the secondary player receives twice the winnings of            the primary player, and the primary player wins $20, then            the secondary player may receive $40    -   1.4. A primary player on which a secondary player was betting is        no longer available. In various embodiments, a secondary player        may participate in one or more games played by a primary player.        For example, the secondary player may place bets on the games        played by the primary player. The primary player may, at some        point, terminate his playing session. The secondary player may,        on the other hand, wish to continue his participation in the        games of the primary player, and may thus find himself deprived        of opportunities to make bets on the games of the primary        player.        -   1.4.1. A primary player is asked to stay. In various            embodiments, the primary player may signal his intention to            terminate a playing session. For example, the primary player            may stand up, cash out, refrain from placing a bet even            though he is at a table game, and so on. The secondary            player may signal his desire to continue participating. For            example, the secondary player may press a button labeled            “continue session” on a betting interface. The secondary            player may communicate his desire verbally (e.g., to a            casino representative), via text (e.g., via a text message            sent to a casino representative) or in any other manner.            Regardless of whether the secondary player actually signals            his desire to continue participating, the primary player may            be contacted. For example, a representative of the casino            may contact the primary player. Such a representative may            include a waitress, pit boss, dealer, etc. The primary            player may be asked to stay and to continue playing. The            primary player may be offered a benefit for staying, such as            cash, goods or services, a free meal, show tickets, improved            odds, comp points, and so on. The primary player may be            informed that there is a secondary player who appreciates            the results of the primary player and wishes for the primary            player to remain.            -   In some embodiments, a primary player who has signaled                an intent to leave may be asked to stay only if one or                more criteria are satisfied. For example, the primary                player may be asked to stay only if at least three                secondary players have been participating in the games                of the primary player. Other criteria may include: (a)                there are at least X secondary players watching the                games of the primary player; (b) there are at least X                secondary players who are interested in participating in                the games of the primary player; (c) there has been at                least X dollar amount of bets placed by secondary                players on each game of the primary player; (d) there                has been a total of at least X dollar amount of bets                placed by secondary players on games of the primary                player during a particular period of time, number of                games, particular playing session, etc.; (e) the casino                has made at least X dollars of profit from secondary                players having participated in the games of the primary                player; (f) the casino has made at least X dollars of                theoretical win or profits from secondary players having                participated in the games of the primary player; and so                on. It will be appreciated that a casino may require any                combination of the above criteria to be met in order for                a primary player to be asked to stay. There may be                multiple ways of meeting the above criteria, including                by partially satisfying two or more of the criteria. It                will further be appreciated that there may be other                criteria that a casino may use based on whose                satisfaction the casino may ask a primary player to                continue with a playing session.            -   In various embodiments, a casino may offer a primary                player an opportunity to play a fair game (i.e., where                the primary player's expected winnings accounting for                the cost of betting are exactly 0), if the primary                player will continue to play.        -   1.4.2. The casino plays automatically. In some embodiments,            when a primary player terminates a playing session, the            casino or house may play in place of the primary player. For            example, a dealer at a blackjack table may continue to deal            a hand to the position where the primary player had been.            The dealer may make decisions for the hand, such as hit or            stand decisions. The decisions may be made according to            optimum strategy. The decisions may also be made based on            inputs from the secondary player. Another representative of            the casino may also stand in for the primary player. For            example, the other representative may sit at the table or            slot machine where the primary player had been, and may            resume play.            -   In some embodiments, game outcomes may be generated                automatically once the primary player leaves. For                example, a slot machine that the primary player has left                may continue to generate outcomes. The secondary player                may thus continue to place bets on the outcomes.            -   In some embodiments, a computer algorithm may make                decisions in a game. The computer algorithm may                substitute in for a primary player in a game so that a                secondary player may participate in the game without the                presence of a human primary player. In some embodiments                a computer algorithm may act as a primary player even                when a secondary player had not been participating in                games of a prior human primary player. In other words, a                computer algorithm need not necessarily substitute in                for a primary player, but may serve as a simulated or                artificial primary player from the get go. A computer                algorithm may make decisions in a game. The computer                algorithm may make decisions of how much to bet;                decisions of what types of bets to make (e.g., the                computer algorithm may decide whether or not to make an                insurance get in a game of blackjack); decisions of                whether to check, bet, raise, call, or fold (e.g., in a                game of poker); decisions about whether or not to                receive additional cards (e.g., in games of blackjack or                video poker); and any other decisions that may be made                in a game. The computer algorithm may refer to a stored                set of rules for making decisions in a game. For                example, the computer algorithm may refer to a table                which lists one or more possible situations which might                arise in a game and which lists a corresponding decision                that should be made should that situation arise. The                computer algorithm may also include procedures, logic,                or other computational methods for computing a decision                given a game state. For example, in a game of video                poker, a computer algorithm may compute expected                winnings given each of several possible decisions. The                computer may determine which of the decisions leads to                the highest expected winnings and make that decision.            -   In various embodiments, a computer algorithm may be                programmed to make decisions which yield the highest                expected winnings, payouts, and/or profits in a game. In                various embodiments, a computer algorithm may be                programmed to approximate the play of a human player.                The computer algorithm may be programmed to, at least                occasionally, favor strategies with emotional or                intuitive appeal over those that are optimal. For                example, a computer algorithm may be programmed to                pursue a high paying hand in a game of video poker even                when expected winnings would be optimized by pursuing a                lower paying but more certain hand. In various                embodiments, computer algorithms may be programmed with                different personalities. Some might be programmed to                take big risks in the strategies they use. Some might be                programmed to play conservatively. Some computer                algorithms may be programmed to bet frequently (e.g., in                games of poker). Some computer algorithms may be                programmed to bet infrequently, and only with very good                hands (e.g., in games of poker).        -   1.4.3. An interrupted session of the primary player is            resumed when primary player returns. In some embodiments,            when a primary player leaves, the session of the secondary            player may be put on hold. That is, for the time being, the            secondary player may not have the opportunity of placing            bets and participating in games played by the primary            player. However, the secondary player may have the            opportunity to resume playing when the primary player            returns and initiates new games.            -   1.4.3.1. An alert is given to the secondary player when                primary player returns. In some embodiments, the                secondary player may be sent an alert when the primary                player has returned, or when the primary player is soon                to return, or when the primary player is likely to                return. The alert may take the form of a phone call,                email, text message, verbal alert by a casino                representative, and so on.        -   1.4.4. In some embodiments, a secondary player may indicate            a primary player in whose games the secondary player may be            interested in participating. The secondary player may            thereby “tag” or “bookmark” the primary player as a player            in whose games the secondary player may wish to participate.            In various embodiments, the casino may allow the secondary            player to easily determine when a bookmarked primary player            is playing (e.g., is seated at a gaming device or gaming            table; e.g., has inserted a player tracking card at a gaming            device or gaming table; e.g., has played one or more games            in the recent past). For example, a secondary player may            peruse a list of bookmarked primary player. The secondary            player may select one of the primary players from the list            and may then be shown whether or not the primary player is            currently playing, what game the primary player is playing,            where the primary player is playing, or any other            information of interest. In some embodiments, the casino may            alert the secondary player anytime a bookmarked primary            player has begun playing. In some embodiments, the casino            may keep track of various statistics related to primary            players that the secondary player has bookmarked. The casino            may report such statistics to the secondary player when the            secondary player makes contact with the casino (e.g., sits            at terminal from which the secondary player may participate            in games of the primary player), or at any other time.            Statistics may include statistics about recent games played,            recent wins, recent losses, recent large payouts, recent            profits, and so on. Statistics need not necessarily be            recent, but may be recent if the secondary player has            previously learned of older statistics about the primary            player. In various embodiments, if a secondary player is            ready to begin participating in the games of a primary            player, the secondary player may be offered (e.g., by            default) the opportunity to participate in games of a            bookmarked primary player. The secondary player may be            offered the opportunity to participate in the games of a            first bookmarked primary player (e.g., a primary player that            is first on the secondary player's list of favorite primary            players). If the secondary player declines, the secondary            player may be offered the opportunity to participate in            games of a second bookmarked primary player (e.g., a primary            player that is second on the secondary player's list of            favorite primary players), and so on. In various            embodiments, secondary players may share tags or bookmarks            of primary players amongst themselves. For example, a            secondary player may publish a list of whom he thinks are            “lucky” primary players. Other secondary players may view            the list and decide to participate in the games of the            listed primary players.        -   1.4.5. An expected value is paid to the secondary player. In            various embodiments, a secondary player may have placed a            bet on results of a primary player spanning more than one            game. For example, the secondary player may have bet that a            primary player would be ahead monetarily after one hour of            play. If, however, the primary player leaves prior to            completing one hour of play, there is the potential that the            secondary player's bet remains unresolved. In various            embodiments, the secondary player's bet is settled for the            expected value (EV) of the secondary player's winnings. For            example, if, based on the current time, the current winnings            of the primary player, and the odds of the game that the            primary player has been playing, the expected winnings of            the secondary player are $8, then the secondary player may            be paid $8 when the primary player terminates his session.            The bet may also be settled for various functions of the EV,            such as for the EV less a processing fee, 50% of the EV, and            so on.        -   1.4.6. Bets are returned to the secondary player. In some            embodiments, when the primary player terminates a session, a            bet made be the secondary player that was dependent on the            primary player finishing the session may be returned to the            secondary player.        -   1.4.7. Options to participate in the games of other primary            players are shown to the secondary player. In some            embodiments, when the primary player terminates a session,            the secondary player may be presented with other primary            players on whom or on whose games the secondary player might            bet. By selecting one or more of the new primary players,            the secondary player may continue participating in games.            For the purposes of a bet that required the completion of            the session by the original primary player, the new primary            player may be treated as if he was continuing where the            original primary player left off. For example, the new            primary player may be treated as if he has lost $6 during            the past half hour, as the original primary player actually            did. If the new primary player subsequently wins $10 in the            next half hour, a bet made by the secondary player that the            original primary player would be ahead after an hour of play            would be a winning bet.            -   When a selection of new primary players is presented to                the secondary player, primary players presented may be                chosen by the casino based on similarities to the                original primary player. For example, suppose the                original primary player was from Texas. When the                original primary player terminates his session, new                primary players may be presented wherein each is also                from Texas. Other characteristics that the original and                new primary players may share include: (a) both may play                the same type game (e.g., both may play IGT's Wheel of                Fortune® slot machines); (b) both may be of the same                gender; (c) both may be the same age; (d) both may have                the same occupation; (e) both may have the same                geographic location of residence or origin; (f) both may                have common interests (e.g., in music, food, sports,                etc.); and (g) both may share common birthdays.        -   1.4.8. The secondary player is given the opportunity to            become a primary player. He's told where he can sit down and            start playing. In some embodiments, when a primary player            terminates his session, the secondary player is offered the            chance to become a primary player. For example, the            secondary player is shown the location of the slot machine            or table game where the primary player had been playing. The            secondary player may be offered the opportunity to take the            seat and/or take the place of the primary player.        -   1.4.9. Historical games of the primary player are found. In            some embodiments, when the primary player terminates a            session of play, the secondary player may be offered the            opportunity to participate in historical games of the            primary player. In various embodiments, the historical games            may include games in which the secondary player has not            already participated. The secondary player may thereby have            the opportunity to continue benefiting from the skill, luck,            or other value he associates with the primary player.    -   1.5. Maintenance of player privacy. In various embodiments, the        identity of a primary player may be shielded from the secondary        player. This may prevent a secondary player from finding out        sensitive financial information about the primary player, from        scolding the primary player for unfavorable outcomes, or for        otherwise causing harm or discomfort to the primary player.        -   1.5.1. The secondary player doesn't see who he is betting            on. In various embodiments, facial features or any other            potentially identifying features of a primary player are            hidden from the secondary player. For example, in video            footage of the game of the primary player, the face is            blurred, covered, or completely omitted from the field of            view. Voices may be edited out or masked.        -   1.5.2. The secondary player does not know the location of            the person he is betting on. In various embodiments, the            location of the primary player is disguised or kept hidden.            Otherwise, especially for a live game, it would be            conceivable that the secondary player could find the primary            player by simply going to the location of the primary            player. Thus, in various embodiments, video footage of the            game of the primary player may omit distinguishing            characteristics of the primary player's location. Such            characteristics may include identifiable features of a            casino, such as pictures, sculptures, fountains, names of            restaurants, signs for a bathroom, signs for a poker room or            other casino sector, and so on. Distinguishing features of a            table game may also be disguised or omitted. For example, a            unique design or color of a table may be omitted. In various            embodiments, games or locations with readily identifiable            and/or unique characteristics may be ineligible for            participation by secondary players.        -   1.5.3. Limits to how many times a secondary player can bet            on one particular person. In various embodiments, there may            be a limit as to the number of games of a primary player in            which a secondary player may participate. This may lessen            the likelihood of the secondary player developing any strong            feelings towards the primary player one way or the other. In            various embodiments, there is a limit to the amount of time            that the secondary player is allowed to spend participating            in the games of a given primary player.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may be                switched from participating in the games of a first                primary player to participating in the games of a second                primary player. The secondary player may be switched                without the secondary player knowing that he has been                switched. For example, the secondary player may receive                data about a game that includes the symbols, indicia,                and/or outcomes generated during the game. However, the                secondary player may not necessarily receive identifying                information about a primary player of the game. Thus,                when the secondary player is switched from participating                in the games of a first primary player to participating                in the games of a second primary player, the secondary                player may not be aware of the switch since the                secondary player may have no access to identifying                information for either the first or second primary                players. In various embodiments, the secondary player                may be switched form participating in the games of a                first primary player to participating in the games of a                second primary player after a predetermined number of                games. For example, after participating in 25 games of a                first primary player, the secondary player may be                switched to participating in the games of a second                primary player. In various embodiments, a switch may                occur at random. For example, after every game played by                a first primary player, the casino may randomly generate                a number between 1 and 100. If the number is greater                than 80, the casino may switch the secondary player from                participating in the games of the first primary player                to participating in the games of a second primary                player. In some embodiments, the switch may occur after                a random number of games with an upper boundary. For                example, if the secondary player has not been switched                after 20 games with a first primary player, the                secondary player may be switched automatically. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may be switched upon his                own request. In various embodiments, when a secondary                player is switched between the games of different                primary players with reasonable frequency, the chances                with which a primary player's privacy becomes                compromised may be reduced. In some embodiments, a                secondary player may be informed when he has been                switched from the games of a first primary player to the                games of a second primary player. In some embodiments,                the secondary player is not informed of the switch.        -   1.5.4. Introduction of a time delay so that the primary            player is no longer located where he had been by the time            the secondary player begins participation in the games of            the primary player. In various embodiments, a secondary            player is restricted to betting on games that have occurred            a predetermined amount of time in the past, e.g., one day or            more in the past. In this way, the secondary player is            unlikely to be able to contact the primary player, as the            primary player may no longer be in the vicinity. In various            embodiments, the secondary player is restricted to betting            on games that have been played by a primary player who has            already left the location in which the games were originally            played.    -   1.6. A secondary player or spectator is provided with knowledge        about what the next cards will be, or what the primary player's        opponent holds. The secondary player may watch the primary        player struggle with a decision while the secondary player        already knows the correct decision. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may be informed of some information about a        game that the primary player does not know, or at least did not        know at the time the primary player was participating in the        game. For example, a primary player may be engaged in a game of        video poker. The secondary player may watch the progress of the        game from a remote terminal. The secondary player may be        informed that the next four cards in the deck are all aces.        However, this information is not known to the primary player.        Thus, the secondary player may experience the excitement of        hoping the primary player will draw four cards.        -   1.6.1. The secondary player knows the next cards, the            symbols that will occur on reels, the proper door to open in            a bonus game, etc. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may be informed of one or more of the following at a            point in a game prior to when a primary player finds out (or            found out): (a) an outcome of a game (e.g.,            “cherry-cherry-cherry”); (b) a payment that the primary            player will receive based on the game; (c) a game result            (e.g., win, lose); (d) a reel position; (e) a symbol that            will appear on a reel (e.g., the secondary player may know            that the third reel of a slot machine will show a symbol            “bar” that will complete a winning outcome of “bar-bar-bar”            prior to when the primary player finds out); (f) a card that            will be received by the primary player; (g) a card that will            be received by a dealer; (h) a card that is at or near the            top of the deck being used in a game of cards; (i) a hand of            cards that will be achieved by a primary player should the            primary player make a particular decision (e.g., a hit            decision in blackjack); (j) an order of cards in a deck of            cards (k) a payment, result, or outcome that would result            from a particular choice in a bonus game of a gaming device            (e.g., the primary player would win 200 coins by choosing            door number 3 in a bonus game); (l) a card that will be            received by the primary player's opponent; (m) a card held            by the primary player's opponent (e.g., in a poker            hand); (n) a number that will appear on a die in a game            (e.g., in craps); (o) a number that will come up in the game            of roulette; and so on.        -   1.6.2. The secondary player may make a new bet at apparently            good odds if the primary player is not likely to make a            decision that would win for the secondary player. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be allowed to place a            bet on a game being played by the primary player after            finding out information about the game. The bet may be made            at odds apparently favorable to the primary player. For            example, suppose that a primary player holds an initial hand            of video poker comprising the Ks, Kc, 10h, 3c and 7d.            Unbeknownst to the primary player, but known to the            secondary player, the next four cards in the deck are the            Ah, Kh, Qh, and Jh. Thus, were the primary player to discard            the Ks, Kc, 3c, and 7d, the primary player would achieve a            royal flush, the highest paying outcome, in various            embodiments. The secondary player may be allowed to bet four            coins on the game. The secondary player may win 1 coin for a            pair, jacks or better, 2 coins for two-pair, 3 coins for            three-of-a-kind, and 800 for a royal flush. Thus, the            secondary player may bet 4 coins with an apparent potential            to win 800 coins. Indeed, it is possible that the second            player will win 800 coins. However, it would be very            unlikely for the primary player to discard a pair of kings            in order to draw four cards to the 10h. Thus, it is more            likely the primary player will keep his pair of kings, draw            three cards, and end up with three kings, providing the            secondary player with a payout of 3 coins. Thus, in various            embodiments, the strategy of a primary player may be            predicted, e.g., by the casino server. The predicted            strategy may be, e.g., an optimal strategy given lack of any            knowledge about future results or outcomes (e.g., future            cards in a deck). Based on predictions of the primary            player's strategy, the casino server may provide betting            opportunities for the secondary player such that the house            will maintain an advantage given the predicted strategies.            The same betting opportunities provided to the secondary            player may have provided the house with a disadvantage if            the primary player were to be able to utilize knowledge of            future results or outcomes (e.g., future cards in a deck).            Accordingly, a secondary player may make certain bets on a            game in the hopes that the primary player will deviate from            optimal or conventional strategy.        -   1.6.3. The secondary player may provide hints. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may have the opportunity to            convey a hint to the primary player. A hint may take the            form of a suggested decision. For example, a hint may            indicate that the primary player should discard the first            and third cards in his hand of video poker. A hint may take            the form of a veto. For example, the primary player may            first indicate a particular choice of strategy, such as a            particular combination of cards to discard in a game of            video poker. The secondary player may provide an indication            that such a strategy should not be followed. The secondary            player may be allowed only one veto, or may be allowed up to            a predetermined number of vetoes. A hint may take the form            of information about a symbol, result, or outcome of a game.            For example, in the bonus round of a slot machine game, the            secondary player may inform the primary player of the number            of coins behind door 2. It may happen that there are more            coins behind door 3, but the secondary player may only be            allowed to give a hint about door 2, in some embodiments.        -   1.6.4. The secondary player may watch the primary player for            entertainment purposes. The secondary player may watch            facial expressions during good outcomes or during            near-misses. In various embodiments, the secondary player            may derive entertainment or other gratification from            watching the experiences of the primary player. The            secondary player may, for instance, watch a primary player            play a game in which the primary player will win a large            payout. The secondary player can watch the expression on the            face of the primary player (e.g., from video footage) and            see the expression change from neutral to an expression of            surprise and elation. The secondary player may choose to            participate in games that are likely to have or to have had            an emotional impact on the primary player. The secondary            player may thus choose games in which a payment above a            predetermined amount was won, in which a certain outcome            (e.g., a winning outcome) was achieved, in which a jackpot            was achieved, in which a bonus round was played, and so on.            A secondary player may also choose a game in which the            primary player comes close, or apparently comes close to            achieving a large payment. For example, the secondary player            may choose a game in which the primary player has four cards            to a royal flush in video poker, and will draw a fifth card.            The secondary player may also choose a game in which two out            of three reels of a slot machine line up on jackpot symbols.        -   1.6.5. A search is performed to find games that include near            misses of high paying outcomes, or any other characteristic.            In various embodiments, a secondary player may receive            information about various games that will happen, are in            progress, or have happened already. Based on the            information, the secondary player may choose a game in which            to participate, or which to watch. The secondary player may            have a preferred game he likes to play, a preferred primary            player he likes to bet with (or on), a preferred dealer in            whose game he wishes to participate, and so on. The            secondary player may also wish to participate in games where            he knows something about the outcome, results, or other            information about the game. For example, the secondary            player may wish to participate in games where the first two            reels of a slot machine show the jackpot symbols.            -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may                indicate a desired criterion, or desired criteria about                the game. Various games satisfying the criterion or                criteria may then be made available for the secondary                player to participate in. The secondary player may then                choose one or more of the games to participate in. In                various embodiments, once the secondary player has                indicated a criterion or criteria, the secondary player                may automatically begin participating in a game matching                the criterion or criteria. Criteria indicated for a game                by a secondary player may include one or more of the                following: (a) the game has a particular dealer; (b) the                game has a particular number of players; (c) the game is                played at a particular gaming device; (d) the game is                played at a particular type of gaming device; (e) the                game is played by a particular primary player; (f) the                game is played by a primary player with a particular                characteristic (e.g., age, race, marital status,                nationality, area of residence, occupation, etc.); (g)                the game has a potential payout above a particular level                (e.g., the game has a payout of more than 1000 times the                bet); (h) the game has an expected payout above a                certain level (e.g., an expected payout of more than 95%                of the original bet); (i) the game has a bonus                round; (j) the game is played in a certain location; (k)                the game is played at a certain time or date; (l) the                game is, or will be a winning game (e.g., the game will                pay at least three times an initial bet of the primary                player); (m) the game will feature an outcome that has                almost all the required symbols necessary for a large                payout (e.g., a game of video poker has four cards to a                royal flush); and so on.        -   1.6.6. Preventing collaboration. In various embodiments,            measures may be taken to prevent collaboration between the            primary player and the secondary player. Particularly if the            secondary player knows information about the game, such as            hidden cards in a deck, the secondary player would be able            to confer an advantage to the primary player and to himself            by communicating with the primary player. As discussed            previously, the identity of the primary player may be            shielded from the secondary player. Similarly, the identity            of the secondary player may be shielded from the primary            player. One or both of the primary and secondary players may            be kept in an enclosure, such as a sound-proof room or            Faraday cage, that reduces the possibility of communication.            Signal detectors, such as antennas, may be placed near the            primary or secondary players to detect possible            communications between the two. Cell phones, pagers,            Blackberries™ and other communication devices may be            temporarily confiscated from either or both of the primary            and secondary players. The secondary player may participate            in the game only after one or more, including all game            decisions have been made in the game.    -   1.7. What happens if a machine needs servicing in the middle of        a roll? What happens if the primary player is taking too long to        finish a game? In various embodiments, the completion of a game        may be delayed or prevented. For example, a gaming device may        break down in the middle of a game. A primary player may get        into a discussion with a friend in the middle of a video poker        game, and may thus delay a decision in the game for several        minutes. A secondary player participating in a delayed game may        find the delay frustrating and may wish to complete the game in        some other manner.        -   1.7.1. A game is completed automatically. In various            embodiments, the game may be completed automatically, e.g.,            by the casino. The game that is completed automatically may,            in fact, be a copy of the original game, so that the primary            player can complete the original game on his own. However,            the secondary player may receive a payment based on the            automatically completed game. The game may be completed            using a predetermined strategy, such as optimal strategy.            The game may be completed using a random strategy where, for            example, one of several possible strategies is selected at            random.        -   1.7.2. The secondary player makes the decisions in a game.            In some embodiments, the secondary player may have the            opportunity to complete the game by making his own            decisions. For example, if the game is blackjack, the            secondary player may indicate decisions such as “hit” or            “stand” so as to complete the game. The secondary player            may, in various embodiments, complete a copy of the original            game, so that the primary player may complete the original            game on his own. A copy of the original game may include a            second game with one or more similar parameters or aspects            to the first game. For example, in the copied version of the            game, one or more of the player hand, the dealer's hand, the            order of cards in a deck, the prizes available behind            certain doors in a bonus game, etc., may be the same as in            the original game.        -   1.7.3. A bet is returned to the secondary player. In various            embodiments, when a game is delayed, the bet placed by the            secondary player on the game may be returned to the            secondary player.        -   1.7.4. The secondary player is provided with an expected            value of his winnings at that point in the game. In various            embodiments, when a game is delayed, the expected payment or            the expected winnings to be paid the secondary player may be            provided to the secondary player. In some embodiments, a            function of the expected payment is provided, such as the            expected payment less a fee.    -   1.8. Communication between the secondary player and the primary        player. In some embodiments, the primary player and the        secondary player may be given the opportunity to communicate.        Communication may occur via text, voice, or any other means.        Communication may occur through the casino server. Communication        may be monitored by the casino, such as by a computer program or        a casino representative. Communication may be edited or        prevented if there is inappropriate or threatening language        and/or if communication somehow provides either the primary        player or secondary player with an unfair advantage.        -   1.8.1. The secondary player sends help to the primary            player. For example, “you should hit here”. In some            embodiments, the secondary player may send help to the            primary player. The secondary player may help the primary            player with strategy in a game such as blackjack, video            poker, or live poker. In video poker, the secondary player            may suggest which cards the primary player should discard.            In blackjack, the secondary player may suggest whether to            hit, stand, double down, split, etc. In a live game of            poker, the secondary player may advise the primary player            whether to check, bet, raise, fold, or call. The secondary            player may also suggest an amount of a bet or raise. The            secondary player may provide other suggestions or opinions,            such as suggesting that another player is probably bluffing.            The secondary player may provide additional information,            such as the probabilities of various events occurring given            a particular strategy. For example, the secondary player may            indicate that the primary player would have roughly 2 to 1            odds against making a flush should he continue in a game of            poker.        -   1.8.2. The secondary player takes over the game. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may take the place of a            primary player in making decisions in a game. For example,            the secondary player may transmit signals that cause game            decisions to be made without additional input by the primary            player. For example, the primary player may press a button            on a gaming device labeled “defer to secondary player”. The            secondary player may then select, e.g., cards to discard            from a remote terminal. The remote terminal may, in turn,            transmit to the gaming device indications of which cards the            secondary player has chosen to discard. The chosen cards may            then be removed from the primary player's hand and replaced            with new cards. The primary player may win or lose, and may            receive payments based on the decisions made by the            secondary player.        -   1.8.3. Sending a tip to the primary player. In various            embodiments, the secondary player may send a tip, other            consideration, or other token of gratitude to the primary            player. For example, if the primary player has just won a            large payment, thereby causing the secondary player also to            win a large payment, the secondary player may be grateful            and wish to tip the primary player. The secondary player may            provide an indication that he wishes to tip the primary            player, e.g., by pressing a button on a remote terminal. The            casino server may then deduct the amount of the tip from an            account associated with the secondary player, and add such            amount to an account associated with the primary player. The            casino server may also cause the amount of the tip to be            paid out at the primary player's gaming device or table,            e.g., in the form of a coin or cashless gaming receipt. In            some embodiments, the primary player may pay to have            something delivered to the primary player. For example, the            secondary player may pay for a bottle of wine. A casino            representative, such as a waitress, may then deliver the            bottle of wine to the primary player at the location of the            primary player.    -   1.9. Betting interfaces. A secondary player may participate in        the game of a primary player using various interfaces. The        interfaces may allow the secondary player to select a game in        which to participate, including selecting various aspects of a        game, such as the machine on which the game is played, the        primary player playing the game, the time, and so on. The        interface may allow the secondary player to select a bet type.        For example, the secondary player can bet for a primary player        to win, or for a primary player to lose. The interface may allow        the secondary player to select a bet amount. The interface may        allow the secondary player to insert cash or other        consideration, to identify himself (e.g., for the purposes of        receiving comp points), and to cash out winnings or remaining        balances.        -   1.9.1. Internet. A secondary player may participate using a            network, such as the internet or a casino intranet. The            secondary player may employ a computer, such as a personal            computer, for this purpose. The secondary player may view a            selection of games to participate in, progress of a current            game, credit balances, etc., using a computer monitor. The            secondary player may input decisions using a mouse, computer            keyboard, or any other computer input device. For example,            the secondary player may key in a bet amount using a numeric            keypad on a computer keyboard. The secondary player may also            use a device such as a phone, a cell phone, personal digital            assistant, or Blackberry™. The contents of the following            United States patent applications, listed with serial            numbers, titles, and matter numbers in parenthesis, are            incorporated by reference herein for all purposes: (a) Ser.            No. 10/835,995 System and Method for Convenience Gaming            (075234.0121); (b) Ser. No. 11/063,311 System and Method for            Convenience Gaming (075234.0136); (c) Ser. No. 11/199,835            System and Method for Wireless Gaming System with User            Profiles (075234.0173); (d) Ser. No. 11/199,831 System for            Wireless Gaming System with Alerts (075234.0174); (e) Ser.            No. 11/201,812 System and Method for Wireless Gaming with            Location Determination (075234.0176); (f) Ser. No.            11/199,964 System and Method for Providing Wireless Gaming            as a Service Application (075234.0177); (g) Ser. No.            11/256,568 System and Method for Wireless Lottery            (075234.0178); (h) Ser. No. 11/210,482 System and Method for            Peer-to-Peer Wireless Gaming (075234.0179); (i) 60/697,861            Enhanced Wireless Gaming System (075234.0183). The device            used by the secondary player for participating in games may            communicate with a casino server via the network, as is            commonly known in the art. Messages may be exchanged back            and forth between a device used by the secondary player and            the casino, the messages taking the form of streams of bits            represented by electronic pulses, optical pulses, or any            other practical representation.        -   1.9.2. Felt table with live dealer. In various embodiments a            secondary player may participate in a game by sitting at a            table and interacting with a casino representative. The            table at which the secondary player sits may be different            from the table the primary player sits at. Thus the game            activities of the primary player may occur elsewhere from            the location of the secondary player. However, the secondary            player may store cash or chips at his table, and may            indicate bets by placing chips at certain parts of the            table. From this table, the secondary player may watch the            action in the game of the primary player, e.g., using closed            circuit television. Based on the outcome of the game played            by the primary player, the secondary player may receive            payments at his table. Thus, for example, the casino            representative at the table of the secondary player may            collect bets from the secondary player, and may pay winnings            to the secondary player if the outcome of the game of the            primary player is winning for the primary player. The table            of the secondary player may appear similar to that of the            primary player. For example, the table may have the same            shape and surface markings. The secondary player may even            sit at the same position with respect to his table as the            primary player sits with respect to the primary player's            table. The secondary player may enjoy a similar experience            to that of the primary player, only, perhaps, without the            cards, dice, or other game apparatus used at the table of            the primary player. In various embodiments, the table of the            secondary player may serve as a means for the secondary            player to make bets, receive winnings, and possibly to view            the game of the primary player.            -   In some embodiments, the secondary player uses the same                table or gaming device as does the primary player. For                example, the secondary player may place a bet beside the                hand of the primary player. The secondary player may                then receive payments based on the outcome of the game                of the primary player.        -   1.9.3. Machine at the casino. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may participate in a game using a machine            or terminal configured to allow participation in a separate            game. The terminal may include a coin slot, bill validator,            credit card reader, and/or other means for accepting            consideration. The terminal may include buttons, keys,            roller balls, and/or other input devices that may be used by            the secondary player for selecting a game in which to            participate, for selecting bet amounts, for selecting bet            types, and so on. The terminal may be in communication with            the device that conducts the actual game. For example, the            terminal of the secondary player may be in communication            with a gaming device at which the primary player is playing.            The terminal may thus receive from the device of the primary            player an indication of games played by the primary player,            amounts bet, outcomes received, and other pertinent            information. The terminal of the secondary player may be in            direct communication with the device of the primary player,            or may be in communication with the casino server which, in            turn, communicates with the device of the primary player.            The terminal of the secondary player may also be in            communication with sensors, detectors, and/or other            monitoring devices at a game played by the primary player,            such as at a blackjack game. For example, the terminal of            the secondary player may receive feeds from cameras located            at a blackjack game being played by the primary player. In            various embodiments, a dealer or other casino representative            may report information about a game of the primary player.            For example, a dealer may input into keypad connected to the            casino server that a primary player has been dealt an ace            and a ten in a game of blackjack. Such information may            subsequently be received at the terminal of the secondary            player, and may be used in determining a payment for the            secondary player. The terminal of the secondary player may            be a mobile device, e.g., a mobile device as set forth in            Nevada bill AB471.            -   In some embodiments, the terminal of the secondary                player may be constructed or configured to look like a                gaming device. Betting interfaces at the terminal may be                designed to mimic or appear similar to those at the                gaming device. Graphics shown on the housing or the                screen may also be similar. However, the terminal may                simply recreate and redisplay games and outcomes                generated by the gaming device. The terminal may not, in                various embodiments, generate games or outcomes of its                own, e.g., using its own processor or locally stored                algorithms. In various embodiments, the terminal may                comprise a kiosk.        -   1.9.4. Casino desk. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may visit a casino desk, casino cage, or other casino            venue where bets may be placed in person. The secondary            player may there select a game in which to participate. The            secondary player may place a bet. The secondary player may            receive some record of his bet. The record may be a paper            receipt, for example. The record may include the name of the            secondary player, the name of the primary player, the type            of game, the time of the game, the machine or location at            which the game was played, the amount of the bet, the terms            of the bet (e.g., what outcomes constitute winning            outcomes), and any other pertinent information. Upon            resolution of the game, the secondary player may return to            the desk and receive payment of any winnings.        -   1.9.5. How bets are entered. In various embodiments bet            amounts and bet selections may be entered using buttons,            keyboards, microphones, computer mice, joysticks, or any            other input devices. A secondary player may also place bets            and indicate bet amounts according to rules. Rules may            include instructions that may be followed by a computer            algorithm, the instructions indicating rules or conditions            specifying when and how much to bet. By betting according to            rules, the secondary player may save himself the effort of            repeatedly indicating a desire to place a bet. Rules may            include the following: (a) continue betting $1 on each new            game until the secondary player provides an indication to            stop; (b) continue betting $1 on each new game for the next            20 games; (c) bet $1 on the game following every win, and            double the prior bet following every loss; (d) continue            betting until a credit balance reaches either 0 or $100; and            so on. In some embodiments, rules may be entered explicitly            by the secondary player. In some embodiments, different sets            of rules may be predefined. A secondary player need then            only select one of the predefined sets of rules to have            betting done automatically on his behalf according to the            selected set of rules. In some embodiments, a set of rules            indicates that the prior bet should be repeated. A secondary            player may simply need to confirm each new bet before it is            made. For example, for a first game, a secondary player may            bet 5 coins on each of 7 pay lines of a slot machine game.            For a second game, the secondary player may simply press a            “repeat prior bet” button in order to once again bet 5 coins            on each of 7 pay lines. Without pressing such a button, the            process of entering the bet again might be time consuming.            Further, the primary player may have continued on with the            next game before the secondary player had time to enter the            bet a second time. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may specify a bet with reference to a prior bet. For            example, the secondary player may indicate a desire to bet            twice his prior bet, or to make the same bet he made two            games ago.            -   1.9.5.1. Layout of the betting screen and the graphical                user interface. In various embodiments a secondary                player may choose a bet type; choose a bet amount;                follow the progress of a game; follow the progress of a                primary player; view statistics related to a gaming                device, table, dealer, primary player, casino, etc.; all                using a betting interface on a display screen. The                display screen may also function as a touch screen so                that the secondary player may interact with the screen                by touching it in certain locations. A first location of                the screen may include a selection area. Shown in the                selection area may be any number of attributes                pertaining to a game. For example, a selection area may                list a number of primary players. The secondary player                may select one of the primary players to indicate that                the secondary player would like to participate in the                game of the selected primary player. The selection area                may present a selection of: (a) primary players; (b)                gaming devices; (c) times; (d) dates; (e) casinos; (f)                game types (e.g., video poker, slot, etc); (g)                dealers; (h) opponents; (i) game results (e.g., ranges                of payouts provided by the game, such as games which                paid 0-2 coins, games which paid 3-4 coins, games which                paid 5-6 coins, etc); and so on. Possible selections may                be presented as a menu, a list, a scroll bar, or any                other presentation. The secondary player may go through                various layers of selection until he has completely                specified a game in which to participate. For example,                the secondary player may first select a primary player,                then a gaming device, then a time of a game. Each set of                choices may be presented as a new menu.                -   A second location of the screen may include a                    betting area. In the betting area, the secondary                    player may indicate an amount to bet on a game. The                    secondary player may specify a number of outcomes to                    bet on, such as a number of pay lines to bet on, or                    a number of hands of video poker on which to bet.                    The secondary player may also specify an amount to                    bet on each pay line or each outcome. If different                    types of bets may be made (e.g., a main bet and an                    insurance bet in blackjack, or pass line and hard                    eight in craps), then the secondary player may                    specify which of such bets he wishes to make. A                    secondary player may specify bets to be made on the                    primary player. For example, the secondary player                    may specify a bet that the primary player will lose                    or will win, or may specify a bet that the primary                    player will win more than a certain amount.                -   A third location of the screen may include an area                    where information about a game is displayed. The                    area may allow the secondary player to follow the                    progress of the game. In this area, the secondary                    may watch as new symbols (e.g., cards in a card game                    or symbols on slot reels) arise, as new bets are                    made by the primary player and/or his opponent(s),                    as decisions are made by the primary player, as                    decisions are made by the dealer, as hidden symbols                    are revealed (e.g., as a dealer's down card is                    turned face up in the game of blackjack), as bets                    are collected (e.g., from the primary player), and                    as winnings are paid out (e.g., to the primary                    player). The third location of the screen may                    include live video, animations depicting a                    reenactment of the game, pre-recorded video of the                    game, pre-recorded video depicting a game similar to                    the game in which the secondary player is                    participating, or any other video depiction. The                    third location may include text descriptions of                    events in the game. For example, a text description                    may read, “Joe Smith has just been dealt a pair of                    kings.”                -   A fourth location of the screen may allow a                    secondary player to view statistics related to a                    gaming device, table, dealer, primary player,                    casino, etc. For example, the fourth location may                    show the number of times a primary player has won or                    lost in his last 100 games, a graph depicting the                    bankroll of the primary player over the last two                    hours, the number of times a particular gaming                    device has paid more than 20 coins in the last day,                    and so on. Statistics may be presented in any                    conceivable form, such as using tables, graphs, bar                    graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and so on.                -   A fifth location of the screen may allow a secondary                    player to communicate with the primary player, with                    a casino representative, with other secondary                    players, or with others. The fifth location may                    comprise a chat area, for example, where text                    conversations are tracked, and where different                    statements are labeled with the name of the                    originator of the statement.                -   A sixth location of the screen may allow the                    secondary player to follow his own progress. For                    example, the secondary player may see his account                    balance and statistics about his own wins or losses.                -   A seventh location of the screen may allow the                    secondary player to cash out a portion of his                    winnings and/or account balances.                -   An eighth location of the screen may allow the                    secondary player to summon a casino representative,                    e.g., to order food.                -   As will be appreciated, the locations described                    above may be overlapping. All locations need not                    have the same function at once, but may alternate.                    For example, at a first point in time, the screen                    may be occupied completely with video footage of a                    game. When the game finishes, the video footage may                    be replaced with statistics about the player. It                    will be further appreciated that there may be                    additional locations on the screen.        -   1.9.6. In order to participate in the games of a primary            player, a secondary player may provide identifying            information about himself. Identifying information may            include a name, age, state of residence, nationality,            driver's license number, social security number, and/or any            other identifying information. The casino may use such            identifying information in order to verify that the            secondary player is authorized to place bets and/or to            participate in games as a secondary player. For example, the            casino may use identifying information to verify that a            secondary player is over 21 years of age. The casino may            only permit the secondary player to participate in games of            the primary player if the secondary player is over 21 years            of age.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may be                identified automatically by the casino. For example, the                secondary player may seek to participate in a game while                situated at a remote terminal or device. The remote                terminal or device may be configured to check the                identity of the secondary player prior to communicating                with the casino. The terminal or device may only                communicate with the casino, in some embodiments, if the                secondary player is a particular player. Thus, the                casino may automatically identify a secondary player by                virtue of the terminal or device at which the secondary                player is situated. If a terminal or device is                configured only to communicate with the casino when a                particular secondary player has identified himself to                the terminal or device, then the casino can be assured                that a particular secondary player is desirous of                participating in games. The particular secondary player                may be, for example, a particular secondary player that                is authorized to participate in games. In some                embodiments, a remote device or terminal may constitute                a mobile device (e.g., a mobile device as set forth in                Nevada bill AB471). The mobile device may be programmed                to be used only by a particular secondary player.                Therefore, if the secondary player is authorized to make                bets, and the mobile device is configured to communicate                with the casino only when the particular secondary                player is using it, then the casino may assume that it                is an authorized secondary player that is placing bets                through the mobile device.    -   1.10. The secondary player bets on outcomes on which the primary        player did not. In various embodiments, a secondary player may        place bets on results or outcomes that were not bet on by the        primary player. As will be appreciated, for a given game, there        can be many possible outcomes, and many types of bets placed on        the various outcomes. For example, in craps, many different bets        can be placed in the same game, among them pass and don't pass.        -   1.10.1. The secondary player bets on a pay-line that the            primary player did not. In various embodiments, the            secondary player may bet on a pay-line of a slot machine            that was not bet on by the primary player. For example, a            slot machine may include three pay-lines, e.g., lines 1, 2,            and 3. The primary player may bet on pay-line 1. The            secondary player may bet on pay-line 2 and/or pay-line 3.            The secondary player may, in various embodiments, bet on            pay-line 1 as well. In some embodiments, the secondary            player is only allowed to bet on pay-lines that the primary            player has not already bet on. Such embodiments may help            prevent a secondary player from determining a game in which            the primary player has achieved a winning pay-line, and then            betting on the same pay-line. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may bet on pay-lines that were not            available to the primary player when he played. For example,            the secondary player may bet on a custom pay-line consisting            of the top two symbols on a first reel, and the bottom            symbol on a second reel of a slot machine. In some            embodiments, the secondary player may bet on a pay-line that            was not even visible to the primary player during his play            of the game. For example, a slot machine may only show one            symbol on each reel in a viewing window. The symbol on each            reel that is one position above the viewing window may not            be visible. Nevertheless, the secondary player may have the            opportunity to bet on a pay-line comprising the row of            symbols one position above the viewing window. Similarly,            the secondary player may bet on a pay-line comprising the            row of symbols one position below the viewing window. In            various embodiments, any other pay-line or outcome may be            constructed using visible and non-visible symbols. For            example, a pay-line may be constructed using some symbols            that were visible, and some symbols that were not visible to            the primary player.        -   1.10.2. In various embodiments, the secondary player may            place bets on symbols that were never even shown to the            primary player. Such symbols may have occurred, for example,            well above the viewing window. In some embodiments, such            symbols may be shown to the secondary player.        -   1.10.3. Play a card game with unused cards. For example, in            video poker, only the top 10 cards may be used during a            game. The secondary player could play another game using            cards from the bottom of the deck. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may play a game using cards, symbols, or            other indicia that were not revealed to the primary player.            For example, a primary player may participate in a game of            video poker. The primary player may use the top nine cards            from a shuffled deck during the game (e.g., the primary            player receives an initial deal of five cards, and            subsequently draws four additional cards). However, in a            standard 52-card deck, 43 cards would remain in the deck.            The secondary player may play a new game using the 43            remaining cards. The secondary player may thus engage in a            game for which no person yet knows the outcome. This may            help to avoid situations where a secondary player can choose            to participate in a game where he knows the outcome will be            favorable to him. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may participate in a new game using cards remaining after a            game of blackjack, after a game of poker, after a game of            casino war, or after any other game. In various embodiments,            the secondary player may make his own decisions in the game,            e.g., rather than relying upon decisions of the primary            player. In various embodiments, a secondary player may use            cards remaining in a deck for a game other than the game for            which the deck was first used. For example, after a deck is            used for a video poker game of the primary player, the            secondary player may use the remaining cards in the deck for            a game of blackjack.        -   1.10.4. The secondary player bets on some function of the            data from a game. In some embodiments, a secondary player            may bet on some function or transformation of the outcomes,            results, or other data used in a game played by a primary            player. As used herein, the term “function” may refer to a            process or procedure for relating any acceptable input to an            output, such that there is only one output per unique input.            The output and input may be numerical or non-numerical. As            used herein, a “function of” an input may refer to the            resultant output when the function is used to relate the            input to the output. As used herein, the term            “transformation” may refer to a process or procedure for            relating any acceptable input to an output.            -   1.10.4.1. An outcome is generated using a function of a                random number used in generating an outcome in the                primary game. Suppose a random number 10232 was used to                generate an outcome in a game of a primary player. The                random number+1 could be used, such that the number                10233 is used. This could yield a completely different                outcome. Various games played at a casino utilize random                number generators. For example, a slot machine may                utilize a random number generator to choose a random                number for each reel of the slot machine. Each random                number is then used to determine the symbol that should                be revealed by the corresponding reel. In various                embodiments, a game played by a secondary player may use                a new set of random numbers generated based on some                function of the random numbers used in a game played by                the primary player. For example, the random numbers used                in the game played by the secondary player may consist                of the random numbers used in the game played by the                primary player with one added to each. Thus, {10245,                31189, 19320} may be transformed to {10246, 31190,                19321}. The new set of random numbers may be used as                inputs to an algorithm (e.g., the same algorithm used in                the game played by the primary player), to generate the                symbols or outcomes of the game played by the secondary                player. As will be appreciated, any function of the                random numbers in the primary player's game may be used                to come up with random numbers in the secondary player's                game. For example, one may be subtracted from each                random number, the order of the random numbers may be                changed (e.g., so each random number now corresponds to                different one of the reels), each random number may be                multiplied by a factor, and so on.                -   In various embodiments, seed numbers may be used in                    the generation of random numbers. Thus, in some                    embodiments, a seed number used in a game played by                    a primary player may be transformed according to                    some function (e.g., one may be added) in order to                    generate a seed to be used in the game played by the                    secondary player.                -   In various embodiments, a game played by a primary                    player may result in a first outcome with a first                    associated payout. The game may be disguised by                    changing the first outcome to a second outcome with                    the same payout. Thus, the primary player may view                    the first outcome while he plays the game, but the                    secondary player may view the second outcome when he                    participates in the game. Monetarily, the primary                    player and the secondary player may have had the                    same experiences. In other words, given identical                    bets, both the primary player and the secondary                    player will have had the same payouts, in various                    embodiments. However, the primary player and the                    secondary player will have seen different                    representations of the game. For example, suppose a                    slot machine game includes several possible                    outcomes. Among the possible outcomes are                    “bar-bar-bar” with an associated payout of 10 coins,                    and “cherry-cherry-cherry”, also with an associated                    payout of 10 coins. The primary player may play the                    game and achieve the outcome “bar-bar-bar”. The                    secondary player may also participate in the game.                    When the game is presented to the secondary player,                    the secondary player may be shown an outcome of                    “cherry-cherry-cherry”.                -   Thus, in various embodiments, a first outcome of a                    game may be generated for a primary player. The                    casino may determine what other outcomes have the                    same payout as the first outcome. From among the                    other outcomes, the casino may select one to present                    to a secondary player who has participated in the                    game.                -   In various embodiments the outcome presented to a                    secondary player may differ both in terms of the                    constituent symbols and in terms of the payout from                    the outcome that was seen by the primary player.                    However, over the course of two or more games, a                    secondary player may be presented with outcomes                    whose associated payouts sum to the same total as do                    the payouts associated with the outcomes presented                    to the primary player over the course of the same                    two or more games. For example, both a primary                    player and a secondary player may participate in the                    same two games. In the first game, the primary                    player may be presented with outcome A and receive                    an associated payout of 4 coins. For the first game,                    the secondary player may be presented with outcome C                    and receive an associated payout of 3 coins. In the                    second game, the primary player may be presented                    with outcome B and receive an associated payout of 6                    coins. For the second game, the secondary player may                    be presented with outcome D and receive an                    associated payout of 7 coins. Thus, neither the                    primary and secondary players have been presented                    with different outcomes over the course of the two                    games. However, after two games, both have received                    the same total payouts, each having received 10                    coins in total.                -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may view                    what is essentially the same game that the primary                    player is playing. However, the game may be                    disguised by replacing symbols from the presentation                    to the primary player with new symbols for                    presentation to the secondary player. For example, a                    “cherry” when viewed by the primary player becomes a                    “dog” when viewed by the secondary player. In terms                    of underlying logic, however, the games may remain                    the same. For example, “cherry” may always map to                    “dog”, and likewise there may be a consistent                    function which maps the symbols shown to the primary                    player to the symbols shown to the secondary player.                    The pay tables on display for the primary and                    secondary players may exhibit a similar functional                    relationship. For example, suppose the primary                    player's pay table includes a line showing a payout                    of 15 for “cherry-cherry-cherry”. A corresponding                    line on the pay table for the secondary player may                    include a line showing a payout of 15 for                    “dog-dog-dog”. In various embodiments, other                    graphics may be altered. For example, a background                    coloration of the game viewed by the primary player                    may be blue, whereas the background coloration of                    the same game viewed by the secondary player may be                    green.                -   In various embodiments, a second game presented to                    the secondary player may be a different type of game                    from that presented to the primary player. However,                    an outcome may be chosen for presentation to the                    secondary player that has the same payout as an                    outcome that occurred in a game played by the                    primary player. For example, a primary player may be                    involved in a game of Casino War. The secondary                    player may view the outcomes of the games of the                    primary player, but disguised as the game of craps.                    For example, if the primary player wins a game of                    Casino War (e.g., by being dealt a card with a                    higher rank than the card dealt to the dealer), then                    the secondary player may be shown an animated                    sequence of dice rolling a seven during the first                    roll of the game (i.e., a winning outcome in craps).                    If, however, the primary player loses the game of                    Casino War, then the secondary player may be shown                    an animated sequence of dice rolling a two on the                    first roll of the game (i.e., a losing outcome in                    craps).                -   The various methods of disguising a game described                    herein may provide an advantage, in certain                    embodiments, of making it difficult for the                    secondary player to determine details about the                    original game in which he is participating. For                    example, this may make it difficult for the                    secondary player to vary his bets based on advanced                    knowledge about the outcome of the original game.            -   1.10.4.2. The same random number may be used, but a                different reel configuration. In various embodiments, a                gaming device may store an internal table or function                which maps random numbers to symbols or outcomes. For                example, the random number 1293 may map to the symbol of                “cherry” on reel 1 of a slot machine. In various                embodiments, a game played by a secondary player may                utilize the same random numbers used in a game played by                a primary player. However, the game of the secondary                player may include a different table or matching                function between random numbers and symbols. Thus, for                example, in the game played by the secondary player, the                number 1293 may map to the symbol “bell” instead of                “cherry”. Accordingly, using the same random numbers,                the game of the secondary player may arrive at different                symbols or outcomes than those that occurred in the game                of the primary player.                -   In various embodiments, a gaming device may store an                    internal table or function which maps random numbers                    to reel positions. For example, the random number                    2451 may instruct a gaming device to stop reel 1                    with position 12 visible in the viewing window of                    the gaming device. Each position on a reel may                    feature a symbol. For example, a reel may have ten                    positions, each position corresponding roughly to 36                    degrees of arc of the circular reel. Thus, by                    instructing a gaming device to stop a reel at a                    certain position, a random number will also instruct                    the reel to display the symbol featured at the                    certain position. In various embodiments, the game                    played by the secondary player may utilize the same                    random numbers utilized by the game played by the                    primary player. However, the positions and/or                    ordering of one or more symbols may be changed.                    Thus, the same reel position in the game of the                    secondary player may corresponding to a different                    symbol than it did in the game of the primary                    player. Thus, using the same set of random numbers,                    the game of the secondary player may nevertheless                    result in different symbols or outcomes than does                    the game of the primary player.            -   1.10.4.3. What if all cherries were transformed into                bars? A secondary player may bet on real outcomes, but                with one aspect altered into another. In some                embodiments, one or more symbols obtained in a game                played by a primary player may be mapped to other                symbols in a game played by a secondary player. For                example, any “cherry” symbol in a game of a primary                player may be transformed into a “bar” symbol in a game                of a secondary player. Thus, if the primary player                receives the outcome of “cherry-bell-cherry”, the                secondary player will receive the outcome of                “bar-bell-bar”. The pay table, between the two games,                may remain the same. In embodiments where the pay table                remains the same, it is possible for a winning outcome                to be mapped to a losing outcome, and for a losing                outcome to be mapped to a winning outcome. In some                embodiments, a first card in one game is transformed                into a second card in another game. For example, the two                of hearts becomes the king of diamonds. In some                embodiments, an entire outcome in a game of the primary                player may be mapped to a different outcome in a game of                the secondary player. For example, the outcome of                “bell-lemon-plum” may map to “cherry-cherry-cherry”. In                various embodiments, when one symbol in a game played by                a primary player is mapped to another symbol in a game                presented to a secondary player, the same mapping may                also occur in the pay table. For example, suppose the                symbol “lemon” in a game played by the primary player is                mapped to the symbol “tree” in a game presented to the                secondary player. If there is a line in the pay table of                the primary player indicating a payout of 100 associated                with the outcome “lemon-lemon-lemon”, then there may be                a corresponding line in the pay table of the secondary                player indicating a payout of 100 associated with the                outcome “tree-tree-tree”.            -   1.10.4.4. A secondary player may bet on original deals                of cards, but with 7s now wild. In some embodiments,                symbols in a game played by the primary player can take                new meaning in the game of the secondary player. For                example, in a game of cards, any seven dealt in the game                of the primary player may count as a wild card in the                game of the secondary player. Thus, for example, the                primary player may receive a final poker hand of Qs Qh                Jd 3h 7s. The primary player may then be paid based on                having a hand with a pair, jacks or better. The                secondary player may be paid based on having a hand with                three of a kind, since the 7s, as a wild card, may count                as a queen.            -   1.10.4.5. A secondary player may bet on a blackjack hand                occurring with poker, or vice versa. In various                embodiments, the secondary player may use the same                symbols or outcomes obtained by the primary player, but                to play a different game. For example, the primary                player may be engaged in a game of blackjack. The                secondary player may use the cards received by the                primary player to form a poker hand. Thus, if the                primary player receives the 2s 7s 3s As and 6s, yielding                19 points in the game of blackjack, the secondary player                may receive a flush (all spades) in a game of poker.            -   1.10.4.6. A secondary player may bet on shifted data.                For instance, an outcome consists of the last two reels                from one slot pull, and then the first reel of the next                slot pull. Or a hand of poker consists of the last three                cards from one hand and the first two cards from the                next hand. In various embodiments, data, symbols, or                outcomes from two or more games of a primary player may                be combined to create a single game for the primary                player. For example, three cards used in a first game of                the primary player, and two cards used in a second game                of the primary player may be combined to form a single                hand of cards for a single game of the secondary player.                Data used in consecutive games of the primary player may                be treated as a stream of data frames, each frame                including all the data from one game. For example, each                frame may include the three symbols appearing on the                pay-line of a slot machine. A new stream of data frames                may be created by shifting the frame limits over (e.g.,                left or right) by some number of data points, e.g., by                some number of symbols. Thus, for example, each frame in                the new stream of data frames may include symbols from                reels two and three followed by a symbol from reel one.                In other words, new games have been created by using the                last two symbols in a first game of the primary player                and the first symbol in a second game of the primary                player. Thus, by shifting data frames used in a sequence                of games of a primary player, a new sequence of games                may be generated for a secondary player.            -   1.10.4.7. A secondary player may bet on the same                outcome, but with a different pay structure. For                example, a secondary player may lose on a royal flush.                In some embodiments, a secondary player may receive the                same outcomes as does a primary player. However, the pay                table that applies to the secondary player may differ                from that which applies to the primary player. For                example, in a game of video poker, the primary player                may win 5 coins with a flush, but the secondary player                may only win 2 coins.    -   1.11. A secondary player may bet on an aggregate outcome of a        primary player. For example, a secondary player may bet that a        primary player will be ahead or behind after an hour. In some        embodiments, a secondary player may place a bet that depends on        multiple games or outcomes of a primary player. For example, the        secondary player may bet that the primary player will win the        next three games in a row, or that the primary player will win        the next game but lose the following game. The secondary player        may bet that the winnings or losses of the primary player will        satisfy one or more conditions after a designated period of        time. The secondary player may bet that the winnings of the        primary player will total more than a given amount in the next        hour. The secondary player may bet that the losses of the        primary player will exceed more than $1000 in the next 6 hours.        The secondary player may bet that primary player will either        lose more than $100 or will win more than $200 in the next 15        minutes. Winnings and losses may be net of each other (e.g., a        $20 win and $10 loss may net to a $10 win) or may count        separately (e.g., a winnings total is the sum of all amounts won        regardless of bets lost). The secondary player may bet on any        statistic pertaining to outcomes received by the primary player.        For example, the secondary player may bet that the primary        player will receive more than 10 payouts of more than 20 coins        each in the next 25 minutes. The secondary player may bet that        the primary player will achieve 4 full-houses in the next 50        games. In various embodiments, the secondary player may track        the net winnings or net losses of the primary player. Thus, for        example, if the primary player has lost $200 after an hour, the        secondary player will also have lost $200. If the primary player        has won $734, the secondary player will also have won $734.        -   1.11.1. A secondary player may take the upside of a primary            player, but not his downside. In some embodiments, the            secondary player may make a payment or place a bet that            entitles the secondary player to an amount equal to the            primary player's winnings, if any, over a period of time,            but does not obligate the secondary player for anything if            the primary player has net losses. For example, if the            primary player achieves winnings over the next hour of $50,            the secondary player may also receive $50. However, if the            primary player loses in the next hour, the secondary player            does not owe anything beyond his initial bet or payment. In            various embodiments, the secondary player may receive, or            owe monies based on more complicated functions of the            primary player's winnings and losses. For example, the            secondary player may receive three times the primary            player's winnings (if there are any) for the next hour, but            may owe 1.5 times the primary player's losses if the there            are losses.        -   1.11.2. In some embodiments, a secondary player may bet that            a primary player will receive five payouts of over 20 coins.    -   1.12. A secondary player may bet the difference between what a        primary player bet and what the primary player could have bet. A        secondary player may complete a partial bet and thereby win only        the extra payouts that resulted from the extra amount bet. In        some embodiments, a secondary player may place a bet that a        primary player could have made but did not. This includes        completing a bet that the primary player made. The secondary        player may, in this fashion, win any payments that a primary        player would have won, beyond those the primary player actually        did win, had the primary player made the bet.        -   1.12.1. For example, many machines require three coins bet            to win the jackpot. If a primary player bets only two coins,            then a secondary player may bet the 3^(rd) and then win the            difference of what someone would win with three coins versus            two coins bet. Various gaming devices include pay tables            that are based on the number of coins bet. For example, if a            player bets one coin and receives the outcome            “bell-bell-bell”, then the player wins 100 coins. If,            however, the player bets two coins and receives the same            outcome, then the player wins 200 coins. Many gaming devices            provide better payout odds for each incremental coin bet.            Thus, in the prior example, if the player bets three coins            and receives the outcome “bell-bell-bell”, then the player            wins 400 coins. Thus, the incremental payout odds for the            third coin bet are better than those for the second coin            bet, at least with respect to “bell-bell-bell”. Accordingly,            for example, if a primary player bets only two coins in a            game, a secondary player may take advantage of the better            incremental payout odds offered for the third coin bet by            betting the third coin himself. If the outcome of            “bell-bell-bell” occurs, the secondary player may thus            receive the difference between the payout for three coins            bet and the payout for two coins bet, i.e., the difference            between 400 coins and 200 coins, equal to 200 coins.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may add to or                complete a bet on a game made by a primary player so                that the total bet of both the primary and secondary                player would result in a higher set of payouts. The                secondary player may receive any extra payouts                associated with his bet. Thus, if the payout associated                with the primary player's bet alone is X, and the payout                associated with the primary player's bet plus the                secondary player's bet is Y, then the primary player may                receive X, and the secondary player may receive Y-X.        -   1.12.2. In craps, placing bets behind the bets of other            people. In various embodiments, a primary player in a game            of craps is given additional opportunities to bet during the            course of a game. For example, when the primary player            establishes a point for a pass line bet, he has the            opportunity to place bets behind his pass line bet, called            “odds bets”. The odds bets often have no house edge, and            therefore are typically more advantageous to a player than            almost any other bet in a casino. However, a player at a            craps table often does not make an odds bet, or does not            make the full amount of an odds bet that he is allowed. In            various embodiments, a secondary player is allowed to make            an odds bet that a primary player could have made. The            secondary player may then be paid for the odds bet if the            odds bet wins. Accordingly, the secondary player may enjoy            the opportunity to make a bet at true odds, without the            requirement of first making a disadvantageous pass line bet.        -   1.12.3. In various embodiments, a secondary player may make            odds bets or may make partial bets such as betting the third            coin at a slot machine, even if the primary player has            already made such bets. The secondary player may            nevertheless receive the incremental payouts associated with            such bets. For example, the secondary player may bet a            single coin which counts as the third coin bet at a slot            machine. The secondary player may thus be eligible to win            the difference in payouts between the payout for three coins            bet and the payout for two coins bet.    -   1.13. Primary players might see who or how many people are        betting on them. In various embodiments, a primary player may be        made aware of a secondary player who is participating in the        game of the primary player, or who subsequently participates in        the game of the primary player. The primary player may receive a        name, an image, and description of various attributes (e.g.,        age, occupation, area of residence, etc.) of the secondary        player. The primary player may also receive an indication of the        performance of the secondary player while participating in the        games of the primary player. For example, the primary player may        see how much the secondary has won or lost, what types of bets        he has made, how many games he has participated in, for how long        he has been participating in the games of the primary player,        and so on. The primary player may derive a measure of        satisfaction or gratification from the participation of        secondary players. For example, a primary player may feel proud        that a large number of secondary players have participated in        his games. He may feel proud to have won money for them. In        various embodiments, the primary player may have the opportunity        to communicate with a secondary player. For example, the casino        server may provide the primary player with contact information        for a secondary player.        -   In various embodiments, a primary player may be compensated            based on participation by secondary players in the games of            the primary players. The primary player may be compensated            per secondary player and per game. For example, the primary            player may receive 0.5 cents per secondary player per game.            Thus, if three secondary players each participate in two            games of the primary player, the primary player may receive            0.5 cents×3 secondary players×2 games=3 cents. Thus, the            primary player benefits by having more secondary players and            by increasing the number of games in which each secondary            player participates. The primary player may be compensated            with a percentage of the bets made by secondary players            participating in his games. The primary player may be            compensated with some percentage of expected winnings to be            derived from the bets of secondary players participating in            the games of the primary player.        -   A primary player may thus be encouraged to convey some value            to secondary player so as to attract secondary players to            participating in his games. The primary player may convey            value by employing good strategy, for example. The primary            player may also attempt to provide entertainment, e.g., by            telling jokes or by making commentary about his games.        -   In various embodiments, the games of a primary player,            and/or data from the games of a primary player may be made            available for participation and/or for viewing by interested            secondary players. Data from the games of a primary player            may be made available on an ongoing, continuous, and/or            real-time basis. Secondary players may, at their leisure or            pleasure, view or participate in the games. As such, data            from the games of the primary player may be broadcast or            transmitted in an analogous fashion to programs on a            television or radio show, or analogously to periodically            updated Web pages. Secondary players may tune in or out as            desired. Each primary player may constitute a “channel” or            “station”. A secondary player may, for example, view a list            of primary players just as he would a list of television            stations. The secondary player may then decide which primary            player or “station” he wants to participate with. When            selecting a primary player, the secondary player may also            have the opportunity to review data about historical games            played by the primary player. For example, the secondary            player may be able to review the primary player's wins and            losses over the prior 20 games.        -   In various embodiments, a casino may select from a subset of            available primary players to choose primary players for            whose games data will be made available to secondary            players. In some embodiments, a casino may serve as a “disc            jockey” by choosing which primary players will have their            data made available to others. The disc jockeys may be            humans (e.g., casino employees), or may be computer            algorithms which automatically select certain primary            players based, for example, upon a defined set of rules. The            disc jockey or jockeys may select primary players based on            any number of factors. A primary player may be selected            based on: (a) recent results (e.g., recent wins or high            payouts); (b) based on long term results (e.g., long term            profits); (c) based on skill at playing a game (e.g., based            on his use of basic strategy in blackjack); (d) based on his            celebrity status (e.g., based on whether his name has been            published in any newspaper in the past year); (e) based on a            history of being favored by secondary players; and so on. At            any given time, a disc jockey may decide to stop making data            available from certain primary players, and/or to commence            making data available from other primary players. For            example, a disc jockey may decide that a primary player has            hit a string of losses and therefore would not be of            interest to any secondary player. The disc jockey may            accordingly stop making data from the primary player            available. For example, a disc jockey may decide that a            given primary player has just won a large payout and            therefore would be of interest to secondary players.            Accordingly, the disc jockey may commence making data from            the primary player available.        -   In various embodiments, the data about the games of a            primary player may be made available across one or more            casinos. A first casino may broadcast or transmit data from            the games of one or more primary players to a second casino.            The broadcast may occur via the radio or television            spectrums, via mobile wireless frequencies, via microwave            frequencies, via metal or optical cables, or via any other            means. Secondary players in one or more of the casinos may            view the data (e.g., may view games that are reconstructed            based on the data). The data may be made available on the            Internet, on one or more radio stations, on television, on            interactive television, and so on. For example, a secondary            player may visit a web page on which are listed names or            identifiers for one or more primary players. The secondary            player may click on an identifier in order to view data            about games of the corresponding primary player. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may set the channel on his            television to a particular channel whereby identifiers for            various primary players are listed on a menu. The secondary            player may select an identifier from the menu (e.g., using a            remote control) and may thereby call up on the television            screen further data pertaining to the games of the primary            player.

In various embodiments, data about the game of a primary player mayoriginate in a first casino. For example, the primary player may playthe game in the first casino. Data about the game may be transmitted toa second casino. From the second casino (e.g., from a terminal locatedin the second casino), a secondary player may participate in the game.The second casino may thereby derive revenue from the secondary playerby using data originating from the first casino. In various embodiments,the first casino and the second casino may split revenue, win, profits,theoretical win, or any other financial gain that has been derived fromthe use of the data at the secondary casino. For example, 50% of thetheoretical win from a bet by the secondary player (i.e., the casinoadvantage on the bet multiplied by the amount bet by the secondaryplayer) may be given to the first casino by the second casino. Thefinancial gain may be split with one percentage going to the firstcasino and another percentage going to the second casino. In someembodiments, the second casino pays a flat fee to the first casino forthe use of the data. The flat fee may cover all possible uses of thedata (i.e., uses of the data in as many games as the second casinodesires) or may cover a single use of the data (i.e., in one game). Insome embodiments, the second casino keeps a fixed financial gain fromthe use of the data and pays any remaining financial gain to the firstcasino. For example, the second casino may keep 2 cents of theoreticalwin per game in which the data is used, and give the remaining portionof the theoretical win to the first casino. As will be appreciate,financial gain may be split between the first and second casinos in manyother ways.

-   -   1.14. A secondary player watches games in progress. The        secondary player may have various ways of watching or following        the game or games in which he is participating. Following a game        may include receiving information about the outcome or result of        the game, receiving information about symbols or indicia that        have arisen in the game (e.g., cards that have been dealt),        receiving information about outcomes or results received by a        dealer or opposing players, receiving information about        decisions that are available or have been made in a game (e.g.,        decisions by a primary player to hit or stand), receiving        information about player mannerisms in a game (e.g., facial        expressions of a primary player or his opponents), information        about amounts bet on a game (e.g., amounts bet by the primary        player or the secondary player), information about amounts won        on a game (e.g., amounts won by the primary player or the        secondary player); and so on.        -   1.14.1. A split screen allows the secondary player to see            all the roulette wheels in the casino at once. In various            embodiments, the secondary player may follow the progress of            one or more games in which he participates using one or more            display screens. Display screens may include cathode ray            tubes, flat panel displays, plasma displays, liquid crystal            displays, diode displays, light-emitting diode displays,            organic light-emitting diode displays, projection displays,            rear projection displays, front projection displays, digital            light processing (DLP) displays, surface-conduction            electron-emitter (SED) displays, electronic ink displays            (e.g., E-Ink Corp's display technology), holographic            displays, and so on. A secondary player may follow the            progress of a game using a device such as a Blackberry®,            iPod®, personal digital assistant, mobile phone, laptop            computer, camera, personal computer, television, electronic            book (eBook) and so on. A single screen may contain            information about a single game in which the secondary            player participates. A single screen may also contain            information about multiple games in which the secondary            player participates. The display screen may display            information about one game on one part of the screen, and            about another game on another part of the screen. For            example, the screen may be divided into four quadrants, each            quadrant showing information about a different game that the            secondary player is participating in. A secondary player            participating in two games may view a first of the two games            on one display screen, and a second of the two games on            another display screen. A secondary player may thus watch or            follow the progress of games using multiple displays            screens.        -   1.14.2. Views come from overhead cameras. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may follow the progress of a            game in which he participates using video and/or audio feeds            from the proximity of the game. For example, a camera may            capture the progress of a blackjack game played by a primary            player. By watching a video feed, the secondary player may            see the cards dealt in the game, the decisions made by the            primary player, the decisions made by the dealer, and the            result of the game (e.g., win for the primary player, win            for the dealer, blackjack for the primary player, tie). In            various embodiments, video or audio feeds may be live,            delayed, or may be stored and played back at a later time            for the secondary player.        -   1.14.3. Data is piped electronically from the slot machines.            In various embodiments, data may be captured from a gaming            device or live table game, encoded into electronic form, and            transmitted to a display device, speaker, or other output            device used to present the data to the secondary player. The            output devices may decode the electronic data and present it            in a sensible form for human viewing. The presentation may            include a text description of occurrences in the game. For            example, text may read, “At 9:02 pm, slot machine number            1423 achieved the outcome of bar-bar-bar. Congratulations,            you have won 20 coins.” The presentation may include a            reconstruction of the game. For example, the game may be            reconstructed using animated renditions of the game. For            example, an animated slot machine may show animated reels            spinning and stopping to show the outcome achieved by the            actual slot machine which generated the game the secondary            player participated in. In another example, an animated            dealer using animated cards may be used to reconstruct a            live table game of blackjack. In various embodiments, a            computer synthesized voice may report to the secondary            player occurrences in a game in which the secondary player            participates.        -   1.14.4. Only active machines are shown to the secondary            player. For example, the machine currently resolving into an            outcome is shown. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may participate in several games at once. The games may not            necessarily all proceed at the same pace. For example, one            game may finish while another is still in progress. In some            embodiments, games or aspects of games may be presented to            the secondary player only as important or relevant events            occur in the game. For example, when a first game finishes,            all or part of the game may be presented to the secondary            player. For example, when the first game finishes, a            depiction or an image of the final outcome (e.g., the final            cards in the primary player's hand) may be flashed onto a            display screen viewed by the secondary player. The image            pertaining to the first game may be removed when a second            game finishes. When the second game finishes, a depiction or            image of the final outcome in the second game may be flashed            onto the display screen. In this way, the secondary player            need only view aspects of a game that are most relevant,            most important, or most interesting to him. When a game is            in an uninteresting stage (e.g., when the reels of a slot            machine are spinning), the secondary player may view            information about other games. Information that may be            deemed worthy of showing to a secondary player may include:            information about a decision that is to be made in a game            (e.g., the primary player has received an initial hand of            blackjack and must now decide to hit or stand); information            about a decision that has been made in a game (e.g., the            primary player has decided to hit); information about a new            card, symbol, or other indicium obtained in a game (e.g., a            new reel of the slot machine has stopped, showing a new            symbol for the pay-line); information about a final outcome            of a game; information about entry into a bonus round or            bonus game (e.g., the primary player has just won the            opportunity to play a bonus round); information about a            symbol, card, or other indicium obtained by a dealer or by            an opponent of the primary player; information about an            amount bet (e.g., by the primary player or by the secondary            player); and information about an amount won (e.g., by the            primary player or by the secondary player).    -   1.15. The secondary player is alerted when his favorite primary        player sits down. In various embodiments, a secondary player may        prefer to participate in the games of particular primary        players, in the games of particular gaming devices, in games        played at particular gaming tables, in games played with        particular dealers, and so on. A secondary player may explicitly        record his preferences, e.g., by informing the casino. In some        embodiments, the secondary player may be assumed to have certain        preferences, based, for example, on a history of participating        in the games of a particular primary player. For example, if a        secondary player has participated in 300 games of a particular        primary player, the secondary player may be assumed to prefer or        to enjoy participating in the games of the primary player. In        some embodiments, the casino may inform a secondary player when        a game in which the secondary player may be interested in        participating is or will be in progress. For example, suppose        that the secondary player has indicated that he likes to        participate in games played by primary player Joe Smith. When        Joe Smith sits down at a gaming device and begins playing, the        casino may detect the presence of Joe Smith (e.g., by means of a        player tracking card inserted by Joe Smith) and may then alert        the secondary player that Joe Smith has begun playing. The        secondary player may then place bets on the games of Joe Smith.        The casino may alert the secondary player using any number of        communication means. A casino representative may call the        secondary player, may send a text or email message to the        secondary player, may page the secondary player, may find the        secondary player in person, and so on.        -   1.15.1. A secondary player is alerted as to the presence of            a primary player who has done well for him. A secondary            player may be alerted when a primary player commences play            if the secondary player has had favorable results in the            past when participating in the games of the primary player.            Favorable past results may mean that: the secondary player            is ahead in terms of winnings based on all prior            participation in the games of the primary player; the            secondary player was ahead in the most recent time period            during which he participated in the games of the primary            player; the secondary player won more than a predetermined            amount of money (e.g., more than $500) in a single session            while participating in the games of the primary player; the            secondary player won a jackpot or other high-paying outcome            while participating in the games of the primary player; the            secondary player was ahead in the most recent X number of            games when participating in the games of the primary player;            or any other measure of performance while participating in            the games of the primary player.        -   1.15.2. A secondary player is alerted as to the presence of            a primary player with good statistics. A secondary player            may be alerted when a primary player commences play if the            primary player has a certain historical record or certain            statistics that may be of interest to the secondary player.            The historical record may include a record of: having won            one or more jackpots or other high-paying outcomes; having            won money for other secondary players; having achieved            profitable sessions in the most recent gaming session or in            any prior gaming session; having achieved a profit during            some prior time period (e.g., during the past six months);            and so on. A secondary player may also be alerted if a            primary player that has some measure of popularity commences            play. For example, primary players may be rated, e.g., by            one or more secondary players, based on the secondary            players' degree of satisfaction with, or other feelings            towards the primary player. A primary player may, for            example, be rated highly if he has won money for many            secondary players in the past. Thus, for example, if a            highly rated primary player commences play, a secondary            player may be alerted and may be given the opportunity to            participate in the games of the primary player.        -   1.15.3. A secondary player is alerted when good machine is            taken. In various embodiments, a secondary player may be            alerted if play commences at a gaming device or table that            is or may be of interest to the secondary player. The gaming            device may be of interest due to a number of factors, among            them: the secondary player has won a jackpot or other            high-paying outcome while participating in games of the            gaming device; the secondary player has had profitable            sessions at the gaming device; the secondary player has had            recent profitable sessions at the gaming device; the            secondary player has had profitable sessions at another            gaming device similar to the gaming device (e.g., at a            gaming device of the same type or from the same            manufacturer); one or more recent games at the gaming device            have resulted in jackpots or high-paying outcomes; recent            games at the gaming device have resulted in profits for the            player or players at the gaming device; the gaming device is            highly rated (e.g., by secondary players); and so on.    -   1.16. A secondary player pays a fee to participate in games. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may be required to pay        in order to participate in the game of a primary player. The        amount paid may be based on the status, rating, historical        results, or requests of the primary player. For example, if the        primary player is a well-known celebrity, the fees required of a        secondary player may be higher than if the primary player were a        lesser-known celebrity. If the primary player has had highly        favorable historical results (e.g., has made large profits in        the past), then the fees required of the secondary player may be        higher than if the primary player did not have such favorable        historical results. In various embodiments, the primary player        may also declare a fee required for secondary players to        participate in his games. A portion of such fee paid by a        secondary player may be paid to the primary player.    -   1.17. Rules for using old data in a game with real money on the        line. There is opportunity of misconduct since the player and/or        the casino may know the data already. The use of historical        games, outcomes, and other data related to a game presents an        opportunity for an advantage by any party with knowledge of a        data. For example, a casino might provide secondary players with        the opportunity to participate only in games whose results the        casino knows are losing for the player (and therefore winning        for the casino). In another example, a secondary player may have        already participated in a particular game (e.g., as a primary        player) and may therefore know the outcome of the game in        advance. The secondary player may thus make a large bet on the        game if he knows the game will result in a winning outcome for        him, and will make a small bet or no bet on the game if he knows        the game will result in a losing outcome for him.        -   1.17.1. Before the original data is generated, it may be            tagged for reuse at a particular date and time in the            future. That way, the casino may be afforded no discretion            as to whether or not to use the data. In various            embodiments, before a particular game is played for the            first time, a casino designates a time, date, location,            and/or any other situation or circumstance under which the            game will be made available for participation by others. The            situation under which the game will be made available may be            chosen randomly, according to some algorithm, or in any            other fashion. Once the situation or circumstances for            future participation in the game have been established, the            game may commence for the first time. In this way, the            casino has established future circumstances under which the            game may be made available for participation by others            (e.g., by secondary players) before the casino is aware of            the outcome of the game. The casino cannot, therefore,            decide not to allow participation in the game if the game            turns out to result in a jackpot for the player. In various            embodiments, the establishment of future circumstances under            which a game will be available for participation by others            is binding upon the casino. Regulators may keep track of            when games must be made available for future participation,            and may verify that the games have in fact been made            available. In various embodiments, players or other parties            may not necessarily know the circumstances under which a            game must be made available in the future. In this way,            players will not be able to selectively choose games to            participate in based on advanced knowledge of the outcomes.            In various embodiments, a record is stored, the record            including information about a game and information about            circumstances under which the game is to be made available            in the future for participation by others.        -   1.17.2. Data may be put in a queue. When it reaches the            front of the queue, it must be used. In various embodiments,            when a game is played or generated for the first time, data            or information about the game is placed in a queue. Games            from the queue are then made available for participation by            secondary players based on a first-in-first-out model. Thus,            a game becomes available for participation based on a            relatively straightforward scheduling algorithm, and there            is little discretion on the part of the casino as to when            the game will become available for participation. In various            embodiments, other scheduling algorithms may be used. For            example, games are made available according to a            last-in-first-out scheduling algorithm. Any other scheduling            algorithm may be used, particularly if the casino has little            control over the schedule once the outcome of a game is            known.        -   1.17.3. One set of data may be used after and only after            another set of data. In various embodiments, data about a            second game may be associated with data about a first game.            The association may dictate that the data about the second            game may be used to allow participation in the second game            by a secondary player when, and only when, the data about            the first game has been used. Similarly, data about a third            game may be associated with the data about the second game,            such that the data about the third game may be used when,            and only when, the data about the second game has been used.            In this way, through a chain of association, data about            different games can be made available in sequence, allowing            the secondary player to participate in a sequence of games.            Data about different games may be associated in many ways.            For example, data about a first game and a second game can            be stored in locations with sequential addresses in a            semiconductor memory. The casino may access the locations in            the memory sequentially by address, and thereby make            available data about the first game and data about the            second game in sequence. In some embodiments, data about a            given game may be associated with an index. The index may be            a numerical index using integer numbers, for example. With            such an indexing scheme, data about a game associated with            index 235, for example, would be made available once data            about a game associated with index 234 had already been made            available. In some embodiments, the index may be a time. The            time may represent a time during which the associated data            was originally generated, or a time when the data should be            made available again, for example. For instance, when the            time associated with a particular set of data actually comes            to match the current time, the particular set of data may be            made available so that a secondary player might participate            in a game generated using the data.        -   1.17.4. The time, date, and/or the machine that generated            the data may be chosen at random. In various embodiments, a            game that is made available for participation by a secondary            player is selected at random using one or more randomly            chosen variables or parameters. For example, a time and/or            date may be chosen at random. Once a time and date have been            chosen, for example, a game played at that time and date may            be made available for participation by the secondary player.            A gaming device, player, dealer, casino, location, and type            of game may also constitute parameters that are chosen at            random. In various embodiments, several parameters must be            chosen at once in order to narrow down the universe of games            to one particular game. For example, to determine a unique            game, a time, date, and machine number may be required. In            various embodiments, the parameters may be chosen by the            secondary player, by the casino, or by third parties, such            as regulators. Parameters may, in various embodiments, be            chosen after the game has been played for the first time.        -   1.17.5. The secondary player may choose the time and/or            machine. In various embodiments, a secondary player may            choose the time, date, machine, or other parameter used to            select a game. The choice may not necessarily by random.        -   1.17.6. Regulators may choose the time and/or machine. In            various embodiments, a third party, such as a gaming            regulator, may select a game that will be made available for            participation by a secondary player. The third party may, in            particular, have no stake in the outcome of the game.            Therefore the third party may not be biased towards            selecting a game that is winning for the secondary player or            winning for the casino. The regulator or other third party            may not necessarily select the game directly. Rather the            third party may select one or more parameters (e.g., a time,            date, machine number) that may be used to select a game that            meets the selected parameters.        -   1.17.7. A player who had his player tacking card in a gaming            device when the data was originally generated may be            prevented from playing a game based on that data. In various            embodiments, the casino may verify that the secondary player            was not present for a game when it was originally played            and/or had no knowledge of the result of the game. The            casino may verify that the player was not staying at the            casino's hotel during the day or time when the game was            played. For example, the casino may check records of who had            checked into its hotel on the day of the game. The casino            may check to see whether the player made any bets at the            casino on the day of the game. For example, the casino may            check to see whether the player had a player tracking card            inserted into a gaming device, or otherwise on record, for            the day of the game. It will be understood that the casino            may verify the presence of the player not just during a            particular day, but during longer or shorter time periods as            well. For example, the casino may verify that there is no            record of a player's presence during an entire 5 day period            surrounding the day of the game. A casino may verify that a            player was not in the same city where the game was played at            the time the game was played. For example, the casino may            verify that there is no record of the player at any other            casino affiliated with the casino (e.g., under the same            ownership as the casino) during the day of the game. The            casino may use any practicable means to verify that the            player had no knowledge of the game or the outcome of the            game.        -   1.17.8. Disallowing variation of bet size. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be prevented from            varying the sizes of his bets over the course of a gaming            session. In particular, the secondary player may be            prevented from varying his bet sizes if he is participating            in games that were first played in the past. The secondary            player may thereby be prevented from varying his bet sizes            based on advanced knowledge of the outcomes of the game. For            example, the secondary player may be prevented from making            larger bets when he knows the outcome of a game will be            favorable, and a small bet when he knows the outcome of a            game will be unfavorable.        -   1.17.9. Bet limits on game. In various embodiments, limits            may be placed on the size of bets placed on games that have            already been generated or played. For example, a secondary            player may be permitted to bet no more than $1 on a game            that has been played in the past. In this way, the casino's            losses will be limited even if the secondary player has            knowledge of the outcome of the game. In some embodiments,            the total amount of bets placed on a game may be limited.            For example, bets placed by all secondary players            participating in a particular game may be limited to            totaling less than $5.        -   1.17.10. Limits on winnings. In various embodiments,            potential winnings or payouts for a game may be capped. For            example, if the payout for an outcome of “bell-bell-bell” in            an original game was 2000 coins, the potential payout for            the same game may be reduced to 500 coins when a secondary            player is participating in the game. This may limit the            potential losses to a casino for a secondary player that has            knowledge of the outcome of a game.        -   1.17.11. Disguising a game. In various embodiments, one or            more aspects of a game may be disguised before a secondary            player is allowed to participate in the game. Thus a            secondary player who had previously participated in the game            may still fail to recognize the game and to bet accordingly.            A game may be disguised in a number of ways. One or more            graphics of the game may be changed to appear differently.            For example, a “cherry” symbol may appear in a different            shade of red or with three cherries on a stem rather than            two. In some embodiments, new symbols are substituted in for            old symbols. For example, rather than “cherry” symbols, a            game may use “blueberry” symbols. However, outcomes            containing blueberries may result in the same winnings as            did outcomes with cherry symbols in the original game. In            some embodiments, sound effects are changed or disguised.            For example the background music in the disguised game may            be different from that in the original game. In some            embodiments, the animation or video sequences may be            altered. For example, reels of a gaming device may appear to            spin faster or slower, to appear jerkier or less jerky,            etc., than they did in the original game. For live games,            features of one or more players may be hidden or disguised.            For example the face of a dealer at a live game may be            blurred out in footage of the game. In some embodiments, a            new face may be super-imposed over the old face of a dealer            or player so as to heighten the effect of the disguising. As            will be appreciated, there are many other possible ways of            disguising a game so that its outcome is not predictable to            even a player who has knowledge of the original game. As            described elsewhere in this document, a game may be            disguised by using a different game skin while maintaining            the same underlying events, outcomes, logic, etc. In some            embodiments, a game may be generated and presented using at            least two steps. In a first step, the results of one or more            random events are determined, leading to the determination            of a final outcome and a final payout for the game. In the            second step, data about the results of the random event(s),            the final outcome, and the final payout are used to create a            graphical presentation for the player. For example, once it            is determined that a player will receive an outcome            consisting of three like symbols, with an associated payout            of 20 coins, such data may be fed into the second step. In            the second step, a graphical rendering of slot machine reels            may be created, with such rendering showing the reels            spinning and finally landing on an outcome with three like            symbols. Further the graphical rendering may include a            flashing message that says, “Congratulations, you won 20            coins!” It will be appreciated that the first step may be            performed by a first device, processor, algorithm or set of            algorithms, and that the second step may be performed by a            second device, processor, algorithm, or set of algorithms.            Accordingly, the second device, processor, algorithm, or set            of algorithms may be removed and replaced with a third            device, processor, algorithm, or set of algorithms. This            third device, processor, algorithm, or set of algorithms may            receive the same set of data from the first step as did the            second device, processor, algorithm, or set of algorithms.            However, the third device, processor, algorithm, or set of            algorithms may perform the second step in a different            fashion. The third device, processor, algorithm, or set of            algorithms may thereby generated a different set of            graphics, graphical renderings, or other presentation            formats than did the second device, processor, algorithm, or            set of algorithms. Thus, the underlying structure of the            game has remained the same, but it has been presented using            a different skin.    -   1.18. Choosing aspects of a game. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may choose a game in which to participate based        on one or more attributes of the game or associated with the        game. The secondary player may indirectly choose the game by        first choosing an attribute, and then having the opportunity to        participate in one or more games having the chosen attribute.        Various attributes may be especially meaningful to a secondary        player and thus a secondary player may prefer to play games        having those attributes. In various embodiments, the casino may        select for the secondary player a game with an attribute that is        anticipated to be meaningful for the secondary player. In        various embodiments, the casino may provide the secondary player        with the ability to search for a game based on one or more        attributes of the game.        -   1.18.1. Choose a special date. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may find a particular date to be            meaningful. Thus, the secondary player may select a game            that was played on the date. If the casino knows a date to            be meaningful for the secondary player, then the casino may            select for the player a game played on that date.            -   1.18.1.1. Choose the secondary player's birthday. A                meaningful date for a secondary player may be a                birthday. The birthday may be the birthday of the                secondary player, of a relative of the secondary                player's, of a pet of the secondary player's, of a                friend of the secondary player's and so on. The                secondary player may indicate to the casino that such a                date is meaningful to the secondary player. The casino                may accordingly select a game for the secondary player                that was played on the date. The casino may also have a                record of the secondary player's birthday based on                information already provided to the casino by the                secondary player. For example, the secondary player may                have provided the casino with his date of birth when                signing up for a player tracking card, or when taking a                loan from the casino. The casino may then select,                without request from the secondary player, a game that                was first played on the birthday of the secondary                player.            -   1.18.1.2. Choose a date on which a big jackpot was won.                In various embodiments, a secondary player may wish to                play a game that was first played on the date that a                large payout, such as a jackpot, was won. This may give                the secondary player the opportunity to participate in                the game in which the jackpot was won. The secondary                player may indicate to the casino a desire to play a                game that was first played on the day of a big jackpot.                The casino may then allow the secondary player to                participate in one or more games played on the day of                the jackpot. The secondary player may not himself know                the date when a big jackpot was won. Thus, the secondary                player may request that he be allowed to participate in                games from the same date as the date that the last big                jackpot was won.            -   1.18.1.3. Choose a date when the progressive was still                big. The secondary player may have a shot at the large                progressive. In various embodiments, a secondary player                may wish to have the opportunity to win a large                progressive jackpot. As is well known, the size of a                progressive jackpot may vary over time. In general, as                time passes without a progressive jackpot being won, the                progressive jackpot becomes larger. The current size of                a progressive jackpot may not be large enough to satisfy                the desires of a secondary player. Therefore, the                secondary player may wish to participate in a historical                game from a time that the progressive jackpot was                larger. Accordingly, the secondary player may request to                participate in a game that was first played at a time                the progressive jackpot was in excess of a certain                threshold. The casino may, accordingly, allow the                secondary player to participate in such a game.        -   1.18.2. Choose a gaming device. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may search for a gaming device having            desired attributes or characteristics. Upon finding a gaming            device with desired attributes or characteristics, the            secondary player may choose to participate in games played            at the gaming device. The secondary player may search for a            gamine device using a search form. In the search form, the            player may select from among various characteristics of a            gaming device, some of which are described below.            -   1.18.2.1. A secondary player may search for a gaming                device based on the historical results of the gaming                device. For example, a secondary player may search for a                gaming device with one or more of the following                characteristics: (a) the gaming device has paid more                than X amount of money in the last Y amount of time; (b)                the gaming device has paid more than X amount of money                in general; (c) the gaming device has paid X amount of                in excess of what it has taken in, in the last Y amount                of time; (d) the gaming device has made X amount in                excess of what it has taken in, in general; (e) the                gaming device has generated winning games for players in                X % of its games in the last Y period of time; (f) the                gaming device has generated winning games for players in                X % of its games out of the last Y games; (g) the gaming                device generated winning games for players in X of its                most recent games; (h) the gaming device has paid X                payouts greater than Y in the last Z games; (i) the                gaming device has paid X payouts greater than Y; (j) the                gaming device has paid a jackpot in the last X days (or                other time period); (k) the gaming device has paid X                jackpots in general; (l) the gaming device has entered X                number of bonus rounds in his last Y games; (m) the                gaming device has entered X number of bonus rounds ever.            -   1.18.2.2. A secondary player may search for a gaming                device based on the type of game or based on a                characteristic of a game played at the gaming device. A                secondary player may search for a gaming device with one                or more of the following attributes: (a) the gaming                device uses mechanical reels; (b) the gaming device uses                video reels; (c) the gaming device has three reels; (d)                the gaming device has five reels; (e) the gaming device                has X number of reels; (f) the gaming device accepts a                particular denomination of bets (e.g., penny, nickel,                quarter, dollar); (g) the gaming device has X number of                pay-lines; (h) the gaming device has 1 pay-line; (i) the                gaming device has 3 pay-lines; (j) the gaming device has                more than 1 pay-line; (k) the gaming device allows                multiple bets per pay-line; (l) the gaming device is                made by a particular manufacturer; (m) the gaming device                or a game at the gaming device was introduced in the                last X years (e.g., the game is a new game); (n) the                gaming device has a particular theme (e.g., I Love Lucy,                Regis Philbin); (o) the gaming device features a slot                game; (p) the gaming device features a video poker                game; (q) the gaming device features video                blackjack; (r) the gaming device is part of a particular                cluster of gaming devices (e.g., a cluster of gaming                devices where an outcome at one gaming device may                influence an outcome at another gaming device in the                cluster); and so on.            -   1.18.2.3. A secondary player may search for a gaming                device based on one or more payouts that may be provided                by the gaming device. Such payouts may be contingent on                a primary player of the gaming device obtaining a                particular outcome at the gaming device. A secondary                player may search for a gaming device that has a top                payout of over X times a bet, that has a payout of over                X amount, and/or that has at least X payouts over Y                amount. A secondary player may search for a gaming                device that has more than X outcomes that are winning                and/or a gaming device that has more than X outcomes                that pay more than Y. A secondary player may search for                a gaming device that has a particular or a particular                range of payout frequency. For example, a secondary                player may search for a gaming device that pays, on                average, between once ever five games and once every                seven games.        -   1.18.3. A simulated game matches search criteria. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may specify search criteria            in order to find a game in which to participate. The casino            may then provide the secondary player with the opportunity            to participate in a simulated game which matches the search            criteria. For example, a secondary player may search for a            game of blackjack in which the dealer up-card is a six. The            casino may then offer the secondary player an opportunity to            participate in a simulated game of blackjack in which the            dealer has an up-card of six. The simulated game may have            been simulated in the past. For example, the casino may have            simulated numerous games in the past and stored data about            the games. The casino may then find one of the games from            the stored set of games such that the found game matches the            secondary player's search criteria. The casino server may            then offer the secondary player the opportunity to            participate in the found game. In the aforementioned            example, the casino server may offer the secondary player            the chance to participate in a simulated game in which the            dealer had an up-card of six. In various embodiments, a            simulated game may include a game where player decisions            were made by a computer routine. In various embodiments, a            simulated game may include a game in which random events            were generated using a computer routine. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may perform a search for a            game of a primary player matching certain criteria. The            casino may, once the search criteria have been specified by            the secondary player, generate one or more simulated games            matching the search criteria. For example, the secondary            player may search for a series of games in which a primary            player has won 10 consecutive games in a row. The casino may            thereupon simulate a series of games. The casino may            continue simulating games until the simulated primary player            has won 10 games in a row. The casino may then, for example,            provide the secondary player with the opportunity to            participate in the next simulated game. In various            embodiments, the casino may construct one or more games that            match search criteria of the secondary player. For example,            if the secondary player is interested in participating in a            game of craps in which the first roll of the dice is an            eight, then the casino may begin a simulated game and force            the first roll to be a eight. Subsequent rolls in the game            may be generated at random. In embodiments described herein,            any searches performed by a secondary player for a            particular type of game may be satisfied by simulated games            and/or by games constructed by the casino server. In various            embodiments the odds, the payouts, the rules, and/or the            required bet amount for a game may be changed when a            secondary player has specified a criterion that the game            must meet. For example, if the secondary player specifies a            game of blackjack in which the primary player has a good            starting hand (e.g., an 11 point total) then the payout for            a winning hand may be reduced.        -   1.18.4. Search fora trend. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may search for a particular trend or            pattern among one or more games. For example, a secondary            player may search for any string of 10 consecutive games            played by the same primary player in which the primary            player won all 10 games. Once finding the trend, the            secondary player may participate in the game immediately            following the trend. For example, a secondary player may            find a trend of spins at a roulette wheel in which three            consecutive spins resulted in the number 13. The secondary            player may then participate in the spin of the roulette            wheel that immediately followed the three spins in which the            number 13 came up. The secondary player may not know the            result of the spin which immediately followed the three            spins where a 13 came up. A secondary player may search for            various trends, including: (a) a series of consecutive games            played by the same primary player in which the primary            player has lost all the games; (b) a series of consecutive            games played by the same primary player in which the primary            player has won all the games; (c) a series of consecutive            games played by the same primary player in which the primary            player has tied in all the games; (d) a series of            consecutive games played by the same primary player in which            the primary player has generated at least a predetermined            amount of net winnings; (e) a series of consecutive games            played by the same primary player in which the primary            player has generated at least a predetermined amount of            gross winnings; (f) a series of consecutive games played by            the same primary player for which a particular symbol (e.g.,            “bell”) has occurred in every game; (g) a series of            consecutive games played by the same primary player in which            the primary player has alternated every game between winning            and losing; (h) a series of consecutive spins at of a            roulette wheel that have resulted in the same outcome (e.g.,            the number 4); (i) a series of consecutive spins at of a            roulette wheel that have resulted in the same type of            outcome (e.g., a red outcome); (j) a time period (e.g., a            five-minute time period) during which 80% of blackjack games            played by any primary player were won; (k) a time period            (e.g., a one-hour period) during which three jackpot            outcomes were won at slot machines in a particular            casino; (l) a series of games (e.g., games played at a            particular table at a casino) in which a particular starting            hand occurred at least 20% of the time (e.g., in which            primary players received a blackjack at least 20% of the            time); and so on. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may search for a primary player who is the biggest loser            within a given population during a given period of time. For            example, a secondary player may search for a primary player            who has lost the most during a one-hour period of time at            the reel slot machines. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may search for a primary player who is the biggest            winner within a given population during a given period of            time. In various embodiments, a secondary player may search            for a primary player who has had the most outcomes paying            more than $50 within a given population during a given            period of time. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may search for a primary player who is the biggest loser            over his entire playing session when compared to any other            primary player. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may search for a primary player who is the biggest loser            over his entire playing career, at least at a particular            casino. In various embodiments, a secondary player may            search for a trend that is based on an area of a casino. For            example, a secondary player may search for an area of a            casino such that games played in that area over the last            hour have resulted in net winnings for all players of $3000.            In various embodiments, a secondary player may search for a            trend that is based on a type of game. For example, the            secondary player may search for a type of game such that, in            the last X minutes, games of that type have resulted in            average winnings for primary players of more than $20. In            various embodiments, a secondary player may search for a            trend that is based on primary players with a certain            characteristic. For example, the secondary player may search            for a trend in which primary players from Arkansas have won,            on average, more than $50 per player over the last hour.        -   1.18.5. Choose a primary player. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may search for a primary player having            desired attributes or characteristics. Upon finding a            primary player with desired attributes or characteristics,            the secondary player may choose to participate in games of            the primary player. The secondary player may search for a            primary player using a search form. In the search form, the            player may select from among various characteristics of the            primary player, some of which are described below. For            example, the secondary player may enter an age or age range            desired in a primary player. The secondary player may also            select a characteristic of a primary player from a menu. For            example, the secondary player may select one of fifty states            from a menu, the state indicating a desired residence            location for a primary player. As will be appreciated, a            secondary player may search for a primary player in many            other ways. For example, a secondary player may communicate            to a casino representative (e.g., via text message) a            description of a primary player. The casino representative            may then check records of people currently checked into its            hotel or currently playing at gaming devices (e.g., with            tracking cards inserted), and may attempt to locate a person            matching the description provided by the secondary player.            In some embodiments, a secondary player may seek a            particular and unique individual, i.e., the secondary player            may submit a description that can only be satisfied by one            person in the world. For example, the secondary player may            submit a name. In some embodiments, the secondary player may            submit a description that may be satisfied by any one or a            plurality of primary players. The secondary player need not            have a particular individual in mind.            -   1.18.5.1. A secondary player may search for a primary                player based on the historical results of the primary                player. For example, a secondary player may search for a                primary player with one or more of the following                characteristics: (a) the primary player has won more                than X amount of money in the last Y amount of time; (b)                the primary player has won more than X amount of money                in general; (c) the primary player has made X amount of                profits in the last Y amount of time; (d) the primary                player has made X amount of profits in general; (e) the                primary player has won X % of his games in the last Y                period of time; (f) the primary player has won X % of                his games out of the last Y games; (g) the primary                player won X of his most recent games; (h) the primary                player has won X payouts greater than Y in the last Z                games; (i) the primary player has won X payouts greater                than Y; (j) the primary player has won a jackpot in the                last X days (or other time period); (k) the primary                player has won x jackpots in general; (l) the primary                player has used optimal strategy in his last X                games; (m) the primary player has used good or expert                level strategy in his last X games; (n) the primary                player has entered X number of bonus rounds in his last                Y games; (o) the primary player has entered X number of                bonus rounds ever.            -   1.18.5.2. A secondary player may search for a primary                player based on a historical relationship between the                primary player and the secondary player. The secondary                player may search for a primary player in whose game or                games the secondary player has previously participated.                The secondary player may search for a primary player,                where, participating in the games of the primary                player: (a) the secondary player has won a jackpot; (b)                the secondary player has made a profit; (c) the                secondary player has entered X number of bonus                rounds; (d) the secondary player has won in X of the                last Y games; (e) the secondary player has won X % of                the last Y games; (f) the secondary player has won X                payouts more than Y amount; and so on. The secondary                player may also search for a primary player where the                secondary player has participated in more than X number                of games with the primary player.            -   1.18.5.3. A secondary player may search for a primary                player based on demographic characteristics of the                primary player. For example, the secondary player may                search for a primary player based on one or more of the                primary player's: (a) age; (b) race; (c) marital                status; (d) number of children; (e) number of                grandchildren; (f) religion; (g) place of birth; (h)                place of residence; (i) gender; (j) occupation; (k)                income; (l) disability status; (m) education level; (n)                high school attended; (o) college attended; and so on.                For example, the secondary player may wish to                participate in games of a primary player who shares one                or more demographic characteristics with the secondary                player.            -   1.18.5.4. A secondary player may search for a primary                player based on hobbies enjoyed by the primary player.                For example, the secondary player may search for a                primary player that enjoys a particular game or sport,                or for a primary player that is a fan of a particular                sports team.            -   1.18.5.5. A secondary player may search for a primary                player with whom the secondary player has some prior                connection or relationship. The secondary player may                search for a primary player in whose games the secondary                player has previously participated. The secondary player                may search for primary players in whose game the                secondary player has previously won money, won a                jackpot, won a large payout, or had some other result of                interest to the secondary player.        -   1.18.6. In various embodiments, a secondary player may            search for a particular game based on attributes of the            game. The search may be particular to an individual game.            For example, a search may distinguish between two games            played by the same primary player at the same gaming device.            In some embodiments, a secondary player may search for a            game in which a certain amount has been bet. For example, a            secondary player may search for a game in which three coins            have been bet. The bet of three coins may make the primary            player of the game eligible to win the jackpot. The            secondary player may search for a game in which X number of            pay-lines are activated, or a game in which X number of            hands of video poker are being played simultaneously. A            secondary player may search for a game based on the time or            date on which the game was played.            -   1.18.6.1. In some embodiments, a secondary player may                search for a game based on events that transpire within                the game. For example, the game may have already                occurred, or the game may be in process at the time of                the secondary player's search. A secondary player may                search for a game in which: (a) a particular set of                cards have been dealt (e.g., a video poker game where a                pair has been dealt in an initial hand, or a blackjack                hand where cards totaling 11 have been dealt as a                starting hand); (b) a particular symbol or symbols of an                outcome have been determined (e.g., two bar symbols have                appeared on the reels of a gaming device out of an                outcome consisting of three symbols); (c) a bonus round                has been reached; and/or (d) a certain level of a bonus                round has been reached.        -   1.18.7. Providing a game for the secondary player to            participate in. At some point, the secondary player may be            ready to participate in a game with certain attributes. The            attributes may be attributes specified by the secondary            player. For example, the secondary player may have searched            for a game with the certain attributes, or otherwise            provided an indication of a desire to participate in a game            with the certain attributes. In some embodiments, the casino            may, for other reasons, wish to have the secondary player            participate in a game with the certain attributes.            -   1.18.7.1. An actual historical game is provided. Given a                set of attributes or characteristics, a casino may                retrieve data about a historical game with the given set                of attributes or characteristics. The historical game                may be a game that was actually played by a real human                player. For example, when a secondary player has                indicated a desire to play in a game of video poker that                was played by a primary player aged 60 years old, the                casino may retrieve data about a game that was actually                played in the past by a 60 year-old primary player and                that was played at a video poker machine. The data                retrieved may be used to display information about the                game to the secondary player (e.g., to show screen shots                of the cards being dealt in the game), to determine what                the outcome of the game was, to determine whether the                secondary player is a winner based on bets placed on the                game by the secondary player, and to determine an amount                to pay the secondary player. Data about historical games                may be stored in a database or in any other storage                means. Data about historical games may be indexed by                different attributes, such as the age of the player or                the type of game. Games may thus be searched by                attributes, and data about games with attributes desired                by a secondary player may be retrieved.            -   1.18.7.2. A historical simulated game is provided. Given                a set of attributes or characteristics, a casino may                retrieve data about a historical game that was                simulated. The game may not ever have been played by a                real human being. In some embodiments, the outcome of                the game may have been determined prior to play by a                real human being. However, subsequent to the outcome                being generated, a person (e.g., a secondary player) may                have participated in the game. As with a historical game                originally played by a live player, data about a                historical game that was simulated may be stored in a                database and indexed by attributes. Subsequently, data                about historical games may be searched according to                desired attributes. The data may then be used to                recreate the game for a secondary player, and to                determine an outcome and an amount to be paid to a                secondary player.            -   1.18.7.3. A current actual game is provided. Given a set                of attributes or characteristics, a casino may determine                a current game in progress with the given set of                attributes or characteristics. For example, a 60                year-old primary player from Wisconsin may currently be                involved in a game at a video poker machine in which an                initial hand with a pair has been dealt. The secondary                player may be allowed to participate in the game in                progress. For example, the secondary player may be                allowed to place a bet on what the final outcome of the                game will be. In various embodiments, the secondary                player need not have the benefit of the same pay table                as does the primary player, since the secondary player                is placing a bet in the middle of the game and has more                information than the primary player did at the start of                the game.            -   1.18.7.4. A current simulated game is provided. Given a                set of attributes or characteristics, a casino may                simulate a game having the given attributes or                characteristics. The casino may, for example, use a                computer algorithm to determine cards to deal in a card                game (e.g., video poker) or to determine symbols to show                in a simulated reel slot machine. For example, if a                secondary player desires to participate in a game of                video poker, the casino may simulate a game of video                poker. If the secondary player desires to participate in                a video slot machine game, the casino may simulate a                video slot machine game. In various embodiments, the                casino may use algorithms to simulate table games as                well as games typically played on a gaming device. For                example, the casino server may simulate craps,                blackjack, or poker. If other players would normally be                present in a game, the casino may use computer                algorithms to simulate the decisions that would have                been made by humans. For example, in order to simulate a                game of poker, the casino may use algorithms designed to                bet, call, fold, raise, or check, according to certain                pre-programmed rules. In some embodiments, a secondary                player may wish to participate in a game in which                certain symbols or outcomes occur. The casino may, in                some embodiments, simulate multiple games until the                desired symbols or outcomes occur. The secondary player                may have the opportunity to participate only in the                game, of the multiple games, in which the desired                symbols or outcomes occurred. For example, the secondary                player may indicate a desire to participate in a game in                which three-of-a-kind was dealt on the initial hand in a                game of video poker. The casino may deal a number of                simulated hands of video poker. Only when the casino                finally deals an initial hand with three-of-a-kind,                e.g., due to random chance, does the casino allow the                secondary player to then place a bet and to receive                winnings for the final outcome of the game. In some                embodiments, the casino may accept a bet from the                secondary player first, simulate multiple games until a                game with desired characteristics is simulated, and then                pay the player based upon the outcome of the game with                the desired characteristics. In some embodiments, the                simulation may begin with a game of the desired                attributes. For example, if a secondary player desires                to play in a game of video poker with three-of-a-kind                dealt on the starting hand, then the simulation may                begin by immediately dealing three-of-a-kind. The                simulation may randomize the remaining cards (e.g.,                shuffle the cards remaining after the three cards of the                same rank have been dealt, the remaining cards                completing a standard deck of 52 cards). The game may                continue with two additional cards dealt from the                randomized deck to complete the initial hand, followed                by the discarding of one or two cards, followed by the                replacing of the discarded cards with new cards from the                randomized deck. In various embodiments, the secondary                player may or may not have the opportunity to make                decisions in a simulated game. For example, in some                embodiments, the secondary player may choose which cards                to discard in a game of video poker. In some                embodiments, the cards that are discarded may be chosen                automatically, e.g., by a computer algorithm employing                optimal poker strategy.            -   1.18.7.5. An alert is provided for when a game with                desired characteristics will be played. Given a set of                attributes or characteristics, a casino may determine                when such a game will be played or will be likely to be                played. For example, a secondary player may wish to                participate in a game played by a primary player at a                3-reel slot machine, the primary player having three                kids and a birthday in April. The casino may determine                that a primary player with three kids and a birthday in                April is indeed seated at a 3-reel slot machine. The                primary player may have been playing for 20 minutes                already, and presumably will continue to play.                Therefore, a secondary player may be permitted to                participate in games of the primary player from that                point forward. The casino may alert the secondary player                that a primary player with desired characteristics has                been found and that the secondary player may begin                placing bets in the games of the primary player.                Further, the casino may begin transmitting information                about the games of the primary player to the secondary                player.    -   1.19. A secondary player participates in a game where a        progressive jackpot is won. In various embodiments, a secondary        player may participate in a game for which the primary player is        eligible to win a progressive jackpot. However, in various        embodiments, a progressive jackpot constitutes a single pool of        money, and therefore cannot be paid in its entirety to multiple        different players.        -   1.19.1. The secondary player gets a fixed substitute. In            various embodiments, when a primary player wins a            progressive jackpot, a secondary player participating in the            same game receives a fixed payment. The fixed payment may be            some predetermined amount, such as $10,000.        -   1.19.2. The secondary player gets a fixed percentage. In            various embodiments, when a primary player wins a            progressive jackpot, a secondary player participating in the            same game receives percentage of the progressive jackpot.            -   1.19.2.1. The primary player gets the full amount, or                less so the secondary player can be paid. In various                embodiments, when a secondary player receives a                percentage of a progressive jackpot won by a primary                player, the amount received by the primary player from                the jackpot may be correspondingly reduced. For example,                if the secondary player receives X % of a progressive                jackpot, the primary player may receive 100%-X % of the                progressive jackpot. In various embodiments, for each                bet placed on a game with a progressive jackpot, a                portion of the bet is contributed towards increasing the                size of the progressive jackpot. Thus, when a primary                player and a secondary player each place a separate bet                on a game, a portion of the primary player's bet may add                to the size of the progressive jackpot, and a portion of                the secondary player's bet may contribute to the size of                the progressive jackpot. For each game, a fixed                contribution to the progressive jackpot may be required.                Thus, if both a primary player and a secondary player                participate in a game, the contribution from the primary                player towards the progressive jackpot may be less for                that game than if only the primary player were                participating in the game. In various embodiments, the                primary player may receive the full amount of the                progressive jackpot. The amount received by the                secondary player may be over and above the amount paid                out to the primary player. Even so, the secondary player                may receive an amount equal to a predetermined                percentage of the progressive jackpot, such as 10% of                the progressive jackpot.        -   1.19.3. Part of progressive amount is set aside for            secondary players before it is paid out. In various            embodiments, a progressive jackpot is divided into two or            more portions. A first portion is available to be won by            primary players. A second portion is available to be won by            secondary players. If a progressive jackpot is won in a            game, a primary player participating in the game would win            the portion of the progressive jackpot available to primary            players, and a secondary player participating in the game            would win the portion of the progressive jackpot available            to secondary players. If there is no secondary player for            the game, then the portion of the progressive jackpot            available for secondary players may remain unclaimed.        -   1.19.4. There is a progressive just for secondary players.            In various embodiments, a progressive jackpot (other similar            terms used herein may include “progressive prize”,            “progressive prize pool”, “progressive pool”, “progressive            payout”) may grow from the contributions of only secondary            players. The progressive jackpot may be available to be won            only by secondary players. For example, for each bet a            secondary player puts on a particular type of game, a            portion of the bet may be set aside and added to a            progressive jackpot. If a secondary player participating in            the particular type of game later wins the progressive            jackpot, the jackpot may go to the secondary player. The            size of the progressive prize pool may then go down to zero.            In some embodiments, once a progressive prize pool has been            claimed, the next pool may be seeded with some money by a            casino, e.g., with $10,000, so as to garner interest from            secondary players. In various embodiments, a display visible            by a secondary player may track the size of a progressive.            For example, a secondary player may participate in games            using a mobile device (e.g., a mobile device as set forth in            Nevada bill AB471). The mobile device may maintain on its            display screen a running tally of the size of the            progressive pool.            -   In various embodiments, two or more separate progressive                jackpots may be available for secondary players. In                various embodiments, a secondary player may be eligible                to win a progressive prize based on the location or                geographic region from which the secondary player                participates in games. For example, a secondary player                participating while seated in Casino A may be eligible                for a first progressive prize pool of $10,000. Another                secondary player participating while seated in Casino B                may be eligible for a second progressive prize pool of                $20,000. A progressive prize pool may be available to be                won by a particular secondary player based on one or                more characteristics or circumstances of the secondary                player, such characteristics or circumstances                including: (a) a demographic of the secondary player,                such as an age, birthday, birthplace, marital status,                educational status, and so on (e.g., there may be a                first progressive pool for secondary players aged 60 or                over and a second progressive pool for secondary players                aged 59 or under); (b) the particular type of game the                secondary player is participating in (e.g., there may be                separate progressive prizes for slot machine games and                video poker games); (c) the location or geographic                region from which the secondary player is participating                (e.g., there may be different progressive pools for                different casinos, different cities, different states,                etc.); (d) the time or date during which the secondary                player is participating (e.g., there may be a different                progressive prize offered during each six-hour period in                a day); (e) the identity of the primary player (e.g.,                there may be a first progressive prize pool associated                with the games of a first set of primary players, and a                second progressive prize pool associated with a second                set of primary players); (f) a characteristic or                circumstance of the primary player (e.g., demographic,                location, etc. of the primary player); (g) a bet being                made by the secondary player (e.g., a secondary player                may be eligible for a first progressive prize if his bet                is more than $3, and a second progressive prize if his                bet is less than $4); and so on. In various embodiments,                a progressive prize pool may be associated with a given                period of time. For example, a progressive prize pool                may be associated with a particular day. The progressive                prize pool may be associated with a guarantee that it                will be won on its associated day (or its associated                period of time). According to the guarantee, the                progressive prize may be claimed by the first secondary                player to achieve outcome A, the first secondary player                to achieve outcome B if no secondary player achieves                outcome A, the first secondary player to achieve outcome                C if no secondary player achieves outcomes A or B, and                so on. In various embodiments, a progressive prize pool                may have its probability of occurrence set so that it is                likely the pool will be won during an associated time                period. For example, if it is anticipated that secondary                players will play 10,000 games during a given time                period in which they have a chance of winning a                progressive, the probability of winning for each game                may be set at 1/5000. The probability that the                progressive will be won during the time period may then                be approximately 86%. In some embodiments, as the casino                may be aware in advance of the outcomes of games to be                played by a secondary player, the casino may                intentionally offer for play at least one game that will                result in a progressive prize being won. One such game                may be offered during every period in which a                progressive prize is guaranteed to be won. In various                embodiments, two or more progressive prize pools may be                simultaneously available to be won by a secondary                player. One progressive pool may be associated with a                relatively shorter period of time, while another                progressive pool may be associated with a relatively                longer period of time. For example, a first progressive                prize pool may be won, on average, once a year. In fact,                the first progressive prize pool may be guaranteed to                have a winner every year. A second progressive prize                pool may be won, on average, once a day. A secondary                player may be eligible to win either of the progressive                prize pools in the same game. In some embodiments, a                secondary player may win only the first progressive                prize pool while participating in a first game. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may be eligible to win                only the second progressive prize pool while                participating in a second game.        -   1.19.5. A secondary player cannot play games with            progressives. In various embodiments, secondary players may            not be allowed to participate in games with progressive            payouts.        -   1.19.6. A secondary player wins the full amount of the            progressive. In various embodiments, when a progressive            payout is won in a game, the secondary player may receive            the full amount of the progressive. For example, suppose a            primary player wins a progressive jackpot in a game for            which the progressive jackpot is $100,000. The primary            player may receive $100,000. The secondary player may also            receive $100,000.        -   1.19.7. Making up extra funds to pay secondary players. In            various embodiments, a progressive payout (e.g., a            progressive jackpot) may consist of funds held in reserve            for a time when the jackpot must be paid out. If a            progressive jackpot is won in a game where a secondary            player is participating, the progressive jackpot may go to            the primary player and additional funds must be obtained by            the casino to pay the secondary player. In various            embodiments, the casino may pay the secondary player out of            a separate pool of funds, such as an account used by the            casino for general business expenses. In some embodiments,            the secondary player may receive a promise of payment. The            secondary player may receive a portion of contributions            towards future progressive payouts. For example, the            secondary player may receive 50% of all portions of bets            withheld for a subsequent progressive jackpot until such            time as the subsequent progressive jackpot is won.    -   1.20. Anti-vulture provisions. A secondary player may be        prevented from playing in games with a positive expected value.        Various situations may arise with respect to a gaming device or        with respect to a live table game where betting circumstances        are favorable to a player. Favorable circumstances may include        circumstances where a player might expect to receive, on        average, more than 100% of his bet from winnings in a game. For        example, if a progressive jackpot or other payout at a slot        machine reaches a certain level, the slot machine may return, on        average, more than 100% of an amount bet. In some slot machines,        certain symbols, tokens, or other objects may be accumulated        from game to game. For example, Double Diamond Mine® slots, made        by IGT, allow a player to accumulate diamond symbols from game        to game. Once 10 diamond symbols from a particular reel have        been accumulated, the player wins a payout. A slot machine in        which a number of such objects have been accumulated may return,        on average, more than 100% of an amount bet. In games of        blackjack, such as in live table games of blackjack, a game may        return more than 100% of an amount bet if the cards remaining in        a deck have a predominance of one type of card (e.g., of high        cards).        -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may be allowed to            search for historical games in which the expected payout is            more than 100% of the bet. For example, the secondary player            may search for games at a Double Diamond Mine® slot machine            where nine diamond symbols for each reel have already been            accumulated. In another example, the secondary player may be            allowed to search for gaming devices in which a progressive            jackpot has exceeded a certain threshold. The secondary            player may be allowed to participate in such games. However,            in some embodiments, the secondary player may be prevented            from participating in games in which an expected payout is            more than 100% of the bet. In some embodiments, a secondary            player may only be allowed to participate in games returning            more than 100% of an amount bet if such games arise during a            longer sequence or session of play. For example, a secondary            player may be allowed to participate in a Double Diamond            Mine® slot game for which nine diamond symbols have            accumulated for each reel only if the secondary player has            already participated in immediately prior games that had            occurred at the same slot machine.        -   Tracking of game data usage. In some embodiments, a game            that was originally played at a first casino or other            establishment may subsequently be recreated at a second            casino or establishment. For example, a secondary player at            a second casino may participate in a game that was            originally played at a first casino. The second casino may            derive revenue, profit, or other financial gain from the            recreation of the game at the second casino. For example,            when a secondary player places a bet on the game at the            secondary casino, the secondary casino may expect to win            some portion of the bet, on average. In some embodiments,            the second casino may compensate the first casino for the            privilege of using or recreating the game that was first            generated or played at the first casino. In various            embodiments, the use of games for participation by secondary            players may be tracked. The tracking of such use may allow a            first casino (e.g., the casino that originally generated a            game) to track how much it is owed, and a second            establishment (e.g., the casino that recreated the game for            play by the secondary player) to track how much it owes. The            use of a game at a casino may be tracked in a number of            ways. Data related to the game, e.g., a game identifier, may            be stored in a database. A time during which the game was            recreated may be stored. Other items stored may include: (a)            an identity of a secondary player who played the game; (b)            an amount bet on the game; (c) an amount won or lost by the            casino recreating the game; (d) a type of bet placed on the            game; (e) a number of secondary players who participated in            the game; (f) a location of a secondary player who bet on            the game; (g) an amount owed to the casino that originally            generated the games; and so on. Data about individual games            may not be stored, in some embodiments. Rather, data about            blocks or groups of games may be stored. For example, a            casino may store a record indicating that a group of 1000            games was recreated during the afternoon of Aug. 17, 2010,            and that a total of $40,000 was bet on the games.        -   In various embodiments, a casino that used or recreated one            or more games may send a report about the use of the games            to the casino that originally generated the games. For            example, the casino that recreated the games may send a            printed report with each line on the report detailing, e.g.,            a particular game, a particular time the game was recreated,            an amount bet, and an amount owed to the casino that            originally generated the games. The report may be a paper or            electronic report. The report may be sent by postal mail,            email, fax, via download from the Internet, or via any other            means. A report may cover a single game or a group of games.            A report may be sent in real time (e.g., a report about the            use of a game may be sent to the casino that originated the            game as the game is used or immediately after the game has            been used), periodically (e.g., every hour), or once (e.g.,            at the end of a period for which the casino using the games            is authorized to use the games by the casino that first            generated the games).        -   Data stored by a casino relating to the use or re-creation            of games within the casino may be obtained from devices used            for play by secondary players. For example, a terminal at            which a secondary player participates in a game may store            and/or transmit various data to the casino server, such as            amounts bet by the secondary player, which games the            secondary player played, and so on.        -   In various embodiments, a casino that uses data about games            originally generated at another casino may track or record            the use of various images associated with the game. Based on            the use of images, royalties may be paid to copyright            holders of the image. Also, the casino that originally            generated the game may track the use of images from the            game.    -   1.21. Bucket shop paradigm. Under this paradigm an establishment        hopes to invest the least amount possible in casino        infrastructure, including games, and even licenses to be a        casino operator. Instead, the establishment plans to just reuse        data from a real casino, set up a nice façade, and open up for        business. In various embodiments, an operator may set up a        gaming facility which uses solely or predominantly games or        outcomes that have already been generated. The operator may        thereby save various costs, possibly including the costs of        purchasing gaming equipment, costs of obtaining accounting        software and other infrastructure, and costs associated with        meeting various regulations. For example, by reusing outcomes        that have already been generated, an operator need not buy        expensive gaming machines to generate original outcomes.        Further, the operator need not submit such gaming machines for        regulatory approval or inspection. In some embodiments, an        operator of a facility that only reuses games and outcomes        already generated may not be required to obtain the same types        of regulatory approval as does a facility that generates        original games and outcomes. The operator of the facility that        reuses games and outcomes need not, in some embodiments, submit        devices used by secondary players to the same process of        regulatory approval that ordinary gaming devices (e.g., slot        machines) are subject to. Rather the regulatory approval process        may be simpler for the devices used solely by secondary players.        In some embodiments, an entire facility that only reuses games        or outcomes may not be subject to the same regulatory processes        as is a facility that generates original outcomes. Rather, the        regulatory processes may be simpler for facilities that solely        reuse games or outcomes.        -   In some embodiments, by using outcomes already generated, an            operator may use accounting data that has already been            generated to account for amounts received, won, and lost            based on the outcomes. Thus, the operator may save on            accounting software and other accounting infrastructure,            such as networks or intranets for conveying accounting            related information.        -   1.21.1. Use of shell machines that simply display outcomes            from other machines. In various embodiments, an operator may            install machines or devices with simplified functionality.            The machines may include currency acceptors, credit card            acceptors, or other acceptors for consideration to be used            for betting purposes. The machines may include output            devices, such as microphones for audio output and display            screens for video or graphical output. The machines may            further include dispensers for cash, coins, currency,            tokens, chips, cashless gaming receipts, or other            consideration. Consideration may be paid to a player based            on amounts won while participating in games, or based on            amounts remaining from an initial deposit made by a player.            The machines may further include media players and/or media            storage devices. For example, the machines may include DVD            players or VHS players. The machines may include VHS tapes,            DVDs, CDs, flash memory, or other media storage devices. The            machines may further include buttons, handles, and touch            screens for use by a player to input information, such as            amounts to bet. The machines may further include network            interfaces for sending and receiving information via a            network, such as an intranet or Internet. Network interfaces            may include wireless network interfaces, such as antennae.            Operationally machines according to various embodiments may            receive a record of historical games, stored on a media            device, such as a DVD. The machines may receive currency            from a player. The machines may then receive an indication            of an amount to bet. The machines may then receive an            initiation signal for a game from the player. The player may            convey the initiation signal, for example, by pressing a            button labeled “spin” on the machine. The machine may then            play for the player a video or other depiction of a stored            game from the DVD. For example, the machine may play a            10-second video clip from the DVD, the video clip depicting            a historical game that occurred at an actual slot machine.            The machine may determine an outcome of the game. For            example, the DVD may store, in association with each game,            information about a payout or payout ratio associated with            the game. Based on the information about the payout, the            machine may pay the player. The player may be paid by, e.g.,            dispensing currency through a dispenser of the machine, or            by adding to a balance of player credits stored on the            machine. In various embodiments, the machine does not itself            generate any outcomes or games. The machine merely replays            games that have been previously generated. In various            embodiments, the machine may recreate games based on a            limited amount of information about the games. For example,            the machine may receive information about the outcome of a            game. The machine may then display an animated sequence            depicting slot reels spinning and stopping to show the            outcome. In some embodiments, the machine need not store            information about prior games locally on the machine.            Rather, the machine may receive information about historical            games via the network. As information about historical games            is received, the machine may recreate the historical games            for the benefit of a secondary player at the machine.        -   1.21.2. Simplified regulatory license. An operator is just            reusing data that's already been certified. There is no need            to recertify data. In various embodiments, an operator using            historical outcomes may operate without one or more licenses            required of a typical gaming operator. A special license may            be granted for operators who use only historical outcomes. A            special license may be granted for operators who use only            historical outcomes which have come from licensed gaming            establishments.        -   1.21.3. Reuse of accounting data. There is no need for an            operator to generate his own accounting data. In various            embodiments, a casino operator may generate a number of            original games or outcomes. Based on the outcomes, the            casino may generate a record of amounts won, amounts lost,            amounts collected, amounts owed in taxes, and so on. Such            data may constitute accounting data. The casino operator may            subsequently share such accounting data with a second            operator who reuses the outcomes generated by the first            casino operator. Since the outcomes used are the same, the            accounting data required may be the same or similar.            Therefore, in some embodiments, the second operator may            receive the accounting data from the first casino operator,            and reuse the accounting data for its own records.        -   1.21.4. Pre-inspection of the data is not allowed, as then            the bucket shop could be accused of knowing the outcomes in            advance. In various embodiments, an operator using            historical games or outcomes is forbidden by law,            regulation, convention, or other policy from obtaining            knowledge about the games or outcomes prior to the            participation in the games by a secondary player. In this            way, the operator may be discouraged from selectively making            available games or outcomes that are unfavorable to the            operator.    -   1.22. Multi-Tiered Poker Game. In various embodiments, a poker        game occurs. The poker game may include a number of live players        at a table at a casino. The poker game itself may be referred to        as a first tier game. Based upon the first tier game, a second        tier game may be played. The second tier game may involve a        different set of players. In some embodiments, the second tier        game includes one player for each player in the first tier game.        Each person in the second tier game may be associated or matched        with a person in the first tier game. In various embodiments, a        person in the second tier game may bet on what his associated        player will do in the first tier game. For example, the player        in the second tier game may bet that his associated player in        the first tier game will check, bet, raise, call or fold.        Further, the person in the second tier game may place a bet on        the amount that the associated person in the first tier game        will bet. For example, if Joe in the second tier game is        associated with Sue in the first tier game, then Joe may bet        that Sue will raise by at least 30 chips. In various        embodiments, a person in the second tier game cannot communicate        with his associated person in the first tier game. In various        embodiments, no one in the second tier game can communicate with        anyone in the first tier game, and vice versa. In various        embodiments, a person in the second tier game knows the cards of        the associated person in the first tier game, but does not know        the cards of any other player in the first tier game.        -   In various embodiments, a person in the second tier game may            also check, bet, raise, fold, or call against other people            in the second tier game. He may bluff and hope other people            in the second tier game will fold. Should two or more            players remain in a second tier game once the first tier            game has reached its conclusion, a pot in the second tier            game may be awarded to a person in the second tier based on            the results of the first tier game. Namely, if a person in a            second tier game is associated with the person in the first            tier game who won the first tier game, then the person in            the second tier game will also win in the second tier game.            In some embodiments, the result or outcome of the second            tier game is decided as if each person in the second tier            game held the cards of his associated person in the first            tier game. In various embodiments, if a player in the first            tier game folds, the associated player in the second tier            game folds automatically, and thus loses in the second tier            game.        -   In various embodiments, there may be higher tiers. For            example a third tier may include the same number of players            as are in the second tier (or, equivalently, the first            tier). Each player in the third tier may be associated with            a player in the second tier. Thus, the player in the third            tier may automatically be associated with the person in the            first tier to whom is associated the player in the second            tier that is associated with the player in the third tier.            In other words, one player in each tier may be associated            with a particular hand of cards, and all such players may be            associated with one another. Players in the third tier may            place bets on what bets will be made by associated players            in the second or first tiers, and on how much will be bet by            such players. Further players in the third tier may make            bets against one another to be decided by results of lower            tiers. A player in the third tier may win a pot if he has            not folded, his associated player in the second tier has not            folded, his associated player in the first tier has not            folded, and his associated player in the first tier has the            best poker hand at the conclusion of the first tier game.            However, if an associated player in the first or second tier            folds, a player in the third tier is automatically folded.            Note, however, that a player in the second tier is not            automatically folded if an associated player in the third            tier has folded. It will be appreciated that there may be            any number of tiers, with fourth, fifth, sixth, etc., tiers            operating in an analogous fashion to what has been described            with respect to the first three tiers. In some embodiments,            a person in a tier greater than the first tier may see the            cards of all players in the first tier.        -   1.22.1. There may be time limits on people in higher tiers            so they can't stall to see what happens in the actual game.            In some embodiments, a player in tier two or above may have            a time limit for making bets or other game decisions. The            time limit may force a player in tier two or higher to take            action before the game proceeds in tier one, and thus before            the player in tier two or above discovers important            information from watching the first tier players that might            aid him in his game decision.        -   1.22.2. A higher tier game may not occur in a live            environment, Thus higher tier players may bet after the            fact. In various embodiments, tier two, tier three, and            higher tier games may occur after the tier one game has            occurred. Accordingly, a playback of the action in the tier            one game may be halted until all appropriate actions have            been taken in the higher tier games.        -   1.22.3. Tiers could form among people at the pool, using            handheld devices. In various embodiments, a second tier,            third tier, or higher tier game may form amongst players            that are remote from a poker table. For example, players            located poolside at a casino may engage in a second tier            game using handheld devices, such as personal digital            assistants. Thus, the second tier players may benefit from            the work of a dealer and from the use of physical cards, but            without having to be physically present at a poker table.    -   1.23. In various embodiments, a first secondary player may        receive an alert regarding the activities of a primary player        and/or of a second secondary player. An activity that may        trigger an alert may include: (a) the primary player inserts a        tracking card into a gaming device; (b) the primary player        inserts currency or other consideration into a gaming        device; (c) the primary player presents a tracking card or other        identification at a table game (e.g., at a blackjack game); (d)        the primary player buys chips at a table game; (e) the primary        player places a bet in a slot machine game; (f) the primary        player places a bet in a game; (g) the primary player        participates in a game; (h) the primary player receives a payout        in a game; (i) the primary player checks into a hotel; (j) the        primary player pays for a meal at a restaurant (thereby        identifying himself with a credit card, for example); and so on.        Similar activities by the second secondary player may trigger an        alert for the first secondary player. An alert may be sent to        the secondary player if the primary player was or is flagged for        any reason, such as being of interest to the first secondary        player. For example, the first secondary player may have        indicated that the primary player is the favorite player of the        secondary player. Thus, the first secondary player may wish to        be alerted any time the primary player is playing or will begin        playing so that the first secondary player may have the        opportunity to participate in the games of the first primary        player. An alert may be transmitted to a device of the second        secondary player, including a cell phone, personal digital        assistant, Blackberry®, laptop, personal computer, television,        and so on.        -   An alert may also be transmitted to the first second            secondary player under other triggering conditions. An alert            may be sent to the first secondary player if a primary            player of interest: (a) is playing a particular game (e.g.,            a favored game of the second secondary player); (b) has had            a streak, such as a winning streak or losing streak (e.g.,            the primary player has won 10 games in a row; e.g., the            primary player has lost games in a row); (c) the primary            player has won a certain amount (e.g., the primary player            has won more than $100); and so on. An alert may be sent to            the first secondary player based on similar triggering            conditions involving the second secondary player.    -   1.24. Embodiments disclosed herein need not apply only to casino        gaming. Rather, where applicable, disclosed embodiments may        apply to a wide variety of games, contests, sporting events,        random events, unknowns, and so on. Where applicable, disclosed        embodiments may apply to anything that may be the subject of a        bet. Disclosed embodiments may apply to table games, video        games, boxing matches, sporting events, the price movements of        equities, the price movement of bonds, the movements of other        market securities, the results of elections, the weather, the        temperature, the average test scores of a body of students, and        so on. For example, a secondary player may place a bet on        whether a stock price will go up or down in the next ten        minutes. Note that, in various embodiments, a primary player        need not be explicitly present. For example, a secondary player        may bet on the temperature a day in the future even though there        is no primary player per se who effects the temperature.    -   1.25. Embodiments described herein need not apply only to        complete games. Where applicable, embodiments described herein        may apply to events within games. For example, a secondary        player may bet on the next card that a primary player will        receive in a game. A secondary player may bet on the next roll        of the dice, on how many times a player will hit in a game of        blackjack, on the point total of the dealer's hand in a game of        blackjack, on the contents of a flop in a poker game of Texas        Hold'em, and so on. A secondary player may be alerted when        certain sequences of events have occurred. For example, a        secondary player may be alerted when the last ten cards dealt in        a game were red cards (i.e., hearts or diamonds). A secondary        player may view historical data about events within a game or        games. For example, the secondary player may examine historical        data about the number of times the number 12 has been rolled in        craps in the last 10 minutes.    -   1.26. A secondary player just watches a primary player. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may wish to watch the        play of a primary player, watch the games of a primary player,        watch the facial expressions of the primary player, follow the        strategies of the primary player, examine the historical results        of the primary player, or otherwise track the primary player.        The secondary player may wish to track the primary player        without betting or risking any money on the games of the primary        player. For example, a secondary player may wish to watch the        games of a primary player who is a celebrity. Simply watching        the celebrity player may provide entertainment for the secondary        player.        -   A secondary player may search for a primary player based on            any number of criteria, such as those mentioned above. A            secondary player may search for a primary player based on a            name (e.g., Ben Affleck); based on a demographic; based on a            celebrity status (e.g., a name that generates more than 1000            hits in a Google search); based on a typical amount bet            (e.g., a secondary player may search for any player who bets            more than $100 per game); based on a history of wins or            losses; based on strategies employed; based on facial            expressions (e.g., a computer algorithm may score the            expressiveness of a primary player's face and allow the            secondary player to search for the most expressive faces);            and/or based on any other criteria.        -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may pay a fee for            watching the games of primary players. A fee paid by the            secondary player may allow the casino to profit from the            secondary player even if the secondary player does not place            any bets. The secondary player may pay a fee per game            watched, per time period during which he watches, or based            on any other metrics. In various embodiments, the primary            player may receive a portion of the fee paid by the            secondary player.        -   In various embodiments, the primary player's permission must            be obtained before a secondary player may track the play of            the primary player.

-   2. Bet on a smaller aspect of someone else's game. For example, bet    on what the next card will be, what the next roll of the dice will    be, etc. In various embodiments, a person who does not directly    participate in a game at a casino may nevertheless place bets on    various events in the game. An event may include the rolling of a    die, the drawing of a card, the spinning of a roulette wheel, the    spinning of a reel of a slot machine, and so on. An event may come    to a resolution in the form of a number revealed on the top face of    a die, in the form of a rank or suit of a card drawn, in the form of    a number achieved at a roulette wheel, in the form of a symbol    appearing on a reel at a pay-line, and so on. An event may also    include a decision or action made by a player who is directly    involved in the game. For example, an event may include a player    making a decision to hit or stand in blackjack, a player making a    decision to bet or fold in poker, a player making a decision of    which prize door to choose in a bonus round of a slot machine game,    and so on. Such an event may come to a resolution in the form of an    actual decision made. For example, a resolution may include an    actual decision made by a player, such as “hit”, “draw”, or “fold”.    An event may include a dealer making a decision in a game. For    example, in a game of Pai Gow poker an event may include an    arranging of the dealer's seven cards into a two-card hand and a    five-card hand. The resolution of the event may take the form of an    actual five-card hand and an actual two-card hand that the dealer    has arranged.    -   As used herein, the term “payout odds” may refer to a statement        of an amount a player will receive, in the event of a win, per        amount bet. For example, 3:2 payout odds means that a player        will receive 3 units per 2 units bet (in addition to keeping his        original bet), provided the player wins the bet. It will be        understood that a payout ratio may be readily determined from        payout odds and vice versa via mathematical operations.        Therefore, it will be understood that embodiments described        herein using payout ratios could readily be performed with        payout odds, and vice versa.    -   For a given event, an appropriate set of payout ratios may be        determined. For example, if a secondary player is betting on a        two as the resolution of a roll of a six-sided die, the        secondary player may stand to win five times his initial wager        (a payout ratio of 5) if the two is in fact rolled. Note that        the player is assumed to give up his bet initially, so his net        profit would be 4 times his initial wager if a two occurs. A set        of payout ratios may be determined based on the inherent        probabilities of various possible resolutions of the event. In        the above example, the inherent probability of a two being        rolled is 1/6. Thus, a payout ratio of five seeks to provide the        player with a payout commensurate with the inverse of the        probability of the resolution that would be winning for the        player, while still allowing for a casino profit, on average.    -   Once the event has resolved, it may be determined whether the        secondary player has won. For example, suppose a secondary        player has bet that the next card dealt in a game of poker will        be the ace of spades. Once the next card has been dealt, it may        be determined whether the card is in fact the ace of spades, and        therefore whether the secondary player has won. If the secondary        player has won, the secondary player may be paid according to        the payout odds.    -   In various embodiments, an event on which a secondary player        bets does not constitute a complete game for the primary player        of the game. For example, a secondary player may bet on what the        next card will be in a game of video poker. However, the outcome        of the game of video poker is not solely based on the next card,        but rather is based on at least four other cards making up a        complete hand of poker. Thus, a primary player may place a bet        and may be paid based on his bet and based on the resolutions of        a first and a second event in a game. A secondary player may        place a bet on the same game and may be paid based on his bet        and based on only the resolution of the second event in the        game.    -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may be remote from        the game. For example, the primary player may participate in the        game while physically present at a slot machine, video poker        machine, table game, or other game location. However, the        secondary player may be remote from the primary player, such as        50 feet away, such as in a different room, such as in a        different building, such as in different city, and so on.    -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may bet on an event        in a game after the game has been completed. For example, the        secondary player may bet on an event in a game completed the        prior week. The events of the game may be unknown to the        secondary player, since the secondary player may not have been        observing or participating in the game when it was originally        played.    -   2.1. Betting interface. In various embodiments, a secondary        player may use a betting interface to make bets on events within        a game. The betting interface may be a graphical user interface,        and may include interactive features such as buttons,        microphones, touch areas, mice, keyboards, and any other        features for receiving designations of a secondary player's bet.        An exemplary betting interface is shown in FIG. 9. The betting        interface depicted in FIG. 9 includes an area where the names of        available primary players are listed. The secondary player may        elect to bet on events for the games played by these primary        players. Next to each primary player is listed an indication of        the last event resolution. For example, next to primary player        Robert Clemens is listed the J        , or the jack of spades. This indicates that in the most recent        event of Robert Clemens' game, the event being the dealing of a        card, the resolution to the event was that a jack of spades was        dealt. Next to Sue Baker is listed a “bar”. This indicates that        in the most recent event of Sue Baker's game, the event being        the random determination of a symbol to show in a viewing window        of a slot machine game, the resolution to the event was that a        bar occurred. In the case of TeeBone, the most recent card dealt        was the two of hearts. The betting interface depicted in FIG. 9        includes two game windows in which a secondary player may bet on        events within a game. In the game of TeeBone, the secondary        player has just bet $5 that the next card dealt in the game will        be a club. In the game of Sue Baker, two symbols have already        appeared in the viewing window of the slot machine game in which        Sue Baker is involved. The status of the game is such that the        secondary player may bet on the third symbol that is yet to come        in the same game of Sue Baker. The secondary player may use the        “Bet Menu” area of the screen to select a symbol to bet on. At        present, a “cherry” symbol appears in the Bet Menu area. The        secondary player may, however, scroll through additional symbols        in the menu and select (e.g., by touching three times in rapid        succession) a symbol on which to bet.    -   2.2. Determining pay tables. In various embodiments, payout        ratios may be determined for an event within a game. Payout        ratios may be based on the probability that a bet on the event        becomes a winning bet. Payout ratios may also be determined        based on a number of other factors. Payout ratios may be        displayed or otherwise presented for a secondary player. In some        embodiments, payout ratios are displayed in the form of a pay        table. The pay table may include a first column depicting        various possible resolutions of an event, and a second column        depicting the amount to be paid per amount wagered on each of        the possible resolutions.        -   2.2.1. Determining appropriate odds. In various embodiments,            payout ratios may be determined based on a desired average            amount to be won by a casino per bet received by the casino            (e.g., based on a desired house advantage), on a house            advantage of the game within which the event is occurring,            and/or based on jurisdictional rules pertaining to allowable            house advantages.            -   2.2.1.1. A desired house advantage. In various                embodiments, a casino may determine a desired house                advantage for a bet on an event in a game. It will be                appreciated that the casino may determine any number of                equivalent desired metrics, where such equivalent                metrics may be determined through deterministic                mathematical transformations of a house advantage. For                example, a casino may equivalently determine a desired                average amount that a player will win per unit wagered.                Exemplary house advantages may be 15%, 10%, and 5%. The                desired house advantage may be determined based on any                number of factors, including perceptions as to what                house advantages would be attractive to players while                still providing the casino with adequate profits.            -   2.2.1.2. Same as the gaming device. In various                embodiments, a house advantage for an event within a                game is determined based on the house advantage for the                game itself. For example, the house advantage for a bet                on an event in a game may be the same as for the house                advantage for a bet on the game. In various embodiments,                the house advantage for an event within a game may be                close, but not identical to the house advantage of the                game. For example, the house advantage of the event may                differ by 2 percentage points from the house advantage                of the game. Achieving identical house advantages may                not be practical due, for example, to a requirement for                integer payouts or to a limited number of possible                resolutions of an event (e.g., there are only 6                resolutions to the roll of a die).            -   2.2.1.3. Amount wagered. In various embodiments, the                house advantage for an event within a game may be                determined based on the amount bet on the event. In some                embodiment, the greater the amount bet, the less the                house advantage. This provides the player with an                incentive to bet more.            -   2.2.1.4. Jurisdiction minimum. In various embodiments,                laws, rules, policies, or other conventions may dictate                a maximum allowable house advantage for a gaming device.                Accordingly, a house advantage for an event may be                determined which is less than or equal to the maximum                allowable house advantage.        -   2.2.2. Player preferences affecting the pay table. In            various embodiments, an event in a game may have more than            two possible resolutions. For example, the rolling of a die            may have six possible resolutions, while the drawing of a            card from a deck may have 52 possible resolutions. Payout            ratios may be associated with each of the possible            resolutions. Thus, a pay table may be formed for the event,            where the pay table details payout ratios for one or more of            the possible resolutions. In various embodiments, it may be            possible to form many different pay tables for the same            event. Further, many different pay tables may result in the            same or similar house advantages. For example, a first pay            table for a roll of a die may provide a payout ratio of 5            for a roll of a 6, and a payout ratio of 0 for any other            roll. A second pay table for a roll of a die may provide a            payout ratio of 3 for a roll of 6, a payout ratio of 2 for a            roll of 5, and a payout ratio of 0 for any other roll. With            the first pay table, the player may expect to win 5 times            his wager with probability 1/6, yielding an expected payout            of 5/6 times his wager, which yields a house advantage of            (1-5/6)/1=16.67%. With the second pay table, the player may            expect to win 3 times his wager with probability 1/6, or two            times his wager with probability 1/6, yielding an expected            payout of 3/6+2/6=5/6. Thus, the second pay table has the            same house advantage of 16.67%.            -   2.2.2.1. Player selects pay tables from range of pay                tables. In various embodiments, a secondary player may                select among various possible pay tables to use for an                event. For example, when betting on the draw of a card,                a secondary player may choose a pay table which pays 48                times an initial wager only if an ace of spades is                drawn, or the secondary player may choose a pay table                which pays 12 times an initial wager if any ace is                drawn. In one embodiment, a secondary player may choose                between a pay table which provides a relatively high                payout with a relatively low probability and a pay table                which pays a lower payout or payouts, but with greater                probability. Over a set of repeated games, the former                pay table would tend to provide less frequent but                greater rewards, while the latter pay table would tend                to provide more frequent but smaller rewards. A                secondary player might therefore decide on his preferred                method of receiving rewards. A secondary player may be                given the opportunity to select among a range or                continuum of possible pay tables, each with                approximately the same house advantage, but each having                different maximum payouts and/or different frequencies                for providing payouts. A player may select a pay table                by selecting a maximum payout. Typically, though not                necessarily always, a pay table with a relatively higher                maximum payout ratio will tend to pay less frequently                than does a pay table with a relatively lower maximum                payout ratio. A player may also select a pay table based                explicitly on a payout frequency associated with a pay                table. In some embodiments, the player may adjust a                dial, where one limit on the dial is associated with a                pay table with one or more relatively high payouts and a                relatively low frequency of payout, and an opposite                limit of the dial is associated with a pay table with                one or more relatively low payouts and a relatively                higher frequency of payout.        -   2.2.3. Determining odds of a particular symbol in a slot            machine on a reel. In some embodiments, a player may bet on            the occurrence of a particular symbol or indicium during a            game. In some embodiments, the probability of occurrence of            a symbol may be determined. In some embodiments, the            probability of occurrence of a symbol at a particular            position may be determined. For example, the probability of            occurrence of a particular symbol in the first position            across a pay-line of a slot machine may be determined. The            determination of a probability of occurrence of a symbol or            of a symbol at a particular location may allow the            determination of a payout ratio that is commensurate with            the probability. For instance, if the probability is            determined to be lower, then the payout ratio may be set            relatively higher, and vice versa.            -   2.2.3.1. Monte Carlo. In some embodiments, the                probability of occurrence of a particular symbol may be                determined through a large number of trials, where each                trial may include the playing of a game, or a simulated                game. The game may be played at an actual gaming device,                at a table game, or on a computer executing game                software. The game may be played or run with actual                money at risk (e.g., in the form of bets) or with no                money at risk. For example, a game at a slot machine may                be played ten thousand times. A program may track                statistics of interest from the game, such as how often                a “cherry” symbol occurred in the first position of the                pay-line, how often a “bar” symbol occurred in general,                and so on. The probability that a symbol occurs at a                particular location on a pay-line may then be determined                as the number of trials in which the symbol occurred at                the particular location divided by the number of trials.                Analogously, the probability of any an event coming to a                particular resolution can be determined or estimated                through a large number of trials in which the event                occurs, and measuring the proportion of the trials in                which the particular resolution occurred.            -   2.2.3.2. Going through virtual pay table. In some                embodiments, the probability of occurrence of a                particular symbol at a particular location on a pay-line                may be deduced with reference to an internal algorithm                used by a gaming device for generating game outcomes. In                some embodiments, the algorithm used may employ one or                more “virtual reels”. A virtual reel may comprise a                table with one column of outcomes (e.g., a set of                symbols), and with one column of ranges of numbers, each                range of numbers corresponding to an outcome. A random                number generator may generate a random number. The                random number may then be matched to an outcome from the                virtual reels based on the range of numbers in which the                random number falls. Each outcome may thus be assumed to                have a probability of occurrence that is proportional to                the size of the corresponding range of numbers. For                example, an outcome with a corresponding range of                numbers of 100-299 is twice as likely to occur as an                outcome with a corresponding range of numbers of                300-399, since the first range includes 200 numbers that                may be generated by the random number generator, and the                second range includes only 100 numbers that may be                generated by the random number generator. With reference                to the virtual reel, the probability of occurrence of                each possible outcome may be determined. Then, the                probabilities of all outcomes which include a particular                symbol may be added up, thus yielding the probability of                the occurrence of that symbol in a game. The                probabilities of all outcomes which include a symbol in                a particular location may similarly be added to                determine the probability of occurrence of that symbol                at that particular location. For example, to determine                the probability that a “bell” symbol occurs at position                3 in an outcome, the probabilities of occurrence of all                outcomes containing the “bell” symbol at position 3 may                be added.        -   2.2.4. Odds of a particular card. In various embodiments,            the probability that a particular card will constitute the            resolution of a particular event may be determined as            follows. First, the number of unknown or unrevealed cards            may be determined. Unknown cards may include cards that have            not already been shown face-up in a game. Provided the card            of interest has not already been shown, the probability may            be determined to be equal to one divided by the number of            unknown cards.    -   2.3. Distinguishing between two dice. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may wish to place a bet that would have an        ambiguous resolution during conventional play of a game. For        example, a secondary player may wish to bet that a particular        die in a game of craps will show a six. However, the way craps        is often played conventionally, it may be difficult or        impossible to distinguish between the two dice used in a game.        Thus, once the two dice land following a roll, it might        conventionally be ambiguous as to which was the die that the        player bet on.        -   2.3.1. Distinguishing two otherwise similar objects. In            various embodiments, two or more similar objects used in the            play of a game may be made to appear distinct. In a game of            craps, two dice may be colored differently. For example, one            die may be colored green, while the other is colored red. In            this way, a secondary player would be able to bet on either            the red die or the green die without worry of an ambiguous            result. In a game with three dice, such as in Sic Bo, there            may be three dice of different colors. In a game of roulette            involving the use of two balls at once, the two balls may            include different patterned markings. A player may thereby            bet on, e.g., the striped ball or the spotted ball. In some            embodiments, two or more similar objects may be made            detectably distinct, even if the distinction cannot be made            visually. For instance, radio frequency identification            (RFID) tags may be placed in or on objects. Two dice with            different RFID tags inside them would be distinguishable by            an RFID tag reader from the differing signals coming from            the tags.        -   2.3.2. Bet that the lower die will be above two. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may place a bet on a            resolution of one of several events, in which the one event            becomes distinguishable only after all of the events have            been resolved. For example, a secondary player bets that the            higher of two dice rolled in a game of craps will show a 6.            In this example, two events may be deemed to occur, each            event constituting the rolling of a die. However, the actual            die a player is betting on becomes clear only after both            events have resolved. In other words, only after both dice            have been rolled and have come to rest can it be determined            which is the higher die. A secondary player may, in some            embodiments, bet on the lower of two dice, on the middle die            (e.g., in a game with three dice), on the roulette ball            showing the highest number, and so on. In various            embodiments, a secondary player's bet may comprise at least            two parts. The first part may be a method to distinguish            between two or more events to determine which of the two or            more events the secondary player is betting on. The second            part may be an indication of what will constitute a winning            or losing resolution for the secondary player. For example,            suppose that a secondary player bets that the higher of two            dice will show a five. The first part of the bet is a way to            distinguish the rolling of one die from the rolling of the            other die, and indicating which of the now distinct events            the secondary player has bet on. The second part of the bet            indicates that a winning resolution will be for the die that            the player has bet on to show a five.        -   2.3.3. Specify a position of a card. For example, the third            card drawn is the Ace of spades. In some embodiments, in            order to clarify the specific event that a secondary player            is betting on, a position, location, sequence number, or            other clarification may be specified. For example, rather            than betting that “a” card will be an ace of spades, a            secondary player may bet that “the third card dealt” will be            an ace of spades. In a game of video poker, a secondary            player may bet that a card in a specified position in a            video poker hand (e.g., the fourth card in the final hand),            will be of a certain rank and suit. In a game of a            blackjack, a secondary player may bet, for example, on the            first card dealt to a player, the second card dealt to a            player, the third card dealt to a player, etc. The secondary            player may also bet, for example, on the first card dealt to            the dealer, the second card dealt to the dealer, etc. The            player may also specify an event by means of an orientation.            For example, in a game of blackjack, the secondary player            may bet on the dealer card that is face down, or on the            dealer card that is face up.    -   2.4. Receive aids in your prediction. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may be provided with data, hints, or other aids        in making bets on an event in a game. Data may include        historical data relevant to the game at hand. For example, if a        secondary player is to bet on the decision that will be made by        a primary player, data about the decision of the primary player        in prior games might aid the secondary player in his bet.        -   2.4.1. The sequence of what occurred in the past. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be shown or otherwise            provided with data from games or events within games that            were played prior to the game that includes the event on            which the secondary player is betting. The data may help the            secondary player to choose a resolution of the event which            will constitute a winning resolution. A secondary player who            is to bet on a particular event in a particular game played            by a particular primary player may be shown data about other            events that have occurred. Other events may include events            that have occurred: (a) in games played by the same            particular primary player; (b) in games under similar            circumstances to those which are present in the particular            game (e.g., the same initial two cards occurred in a prior            game of blackjack as have in the particular game, and the            particular event of interest is the dealing of the third            card in the particular game); (c) in games played at the            same gaming device that the particular game is or was played            at; (d) in the recent past (e.g., events that have occurred            in the five minutes prior to the time that the secondary            player bets on the particular event); (e) just prior to when            the particular event originally occurred (e.g., events            occurring in games that had been played in the five minutes            prior to the particular game); (f) in games played at the            same gaming device that the particular game is or was played            at, where such games constitute a sequence of games that            immediately preceded the particular game (e.g., such games            were the five games played before the particular game);            and (g) in games played by the same particular primary            player, where such games constitute a sequence of games that            the primary player played immediately preceding the            particular game.        -   2.4.2. What would perfect strategy be here? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be provided with an            indication of a decision that would be made according to            some strategy. For example, if a secondary player is betting            on the decision that will be made by a primary player in a            game of blackjack, the secondary player may be shown what            decision would be made using Basic Strategy (i.e., the            strategy used to maximize expected winnings without any            special knowledge of what cards have already been dealt).            For example, the secondary player may be told that the            proper decision according to Basic Strategy is for the            primary player to hit. As another example, if a secondary            player is betting on what cards will be discarded by a            primary player in a game of video poker, the secondary            player may be told which combination of discards would            maximize the expected winnings for the primary player. In            various embodiments, the secondary player may be told what            decision would be made according to a strategy that is not a            perfect or optimal strategy. For example, a secondary player            might be told which decision would be made according to a            strategy that aims for the highest payout in a game.        -   2.4.3. What has this player done in similar situations? In            various embodiments, a secondary player may be provided with            an indication of what decisions a primary player has made in            situations which are similar to the situation of the game in            which the secondary player is participating. Games in which            a primary player was in a similar situation may include            games in which the primary player: (a) had the same            cards; (b) had the same point total (e.g., in a game of            blackjack); (c) had the same hand ranking (e.g., in a game            of poker); (d) had the same sequence of initial events            (e.g., in a game of craps, the primary player had the same            three initial rolls as he does in the game situation under            consideration); (e) was in the same seat position (e.g., the            primary player was just to the left of the dealer); (f)            faced the same opponent or opponents; (g) was at the same            gaming device; (h) faced the same bet or bets from opponents            (e.g., in a game of poker, the primary player may have faced            the same bets that he does at present); and so on. Games in            which the primary player was in a similar situation may            include games in which the dealer had a similar hand (e.g.,            in a game of blackjack, the dealer had the same card            showing), or games in which an opponent of the primary            player had a similar card to what the primary player's            opponent has in the game under consideration. In some            embodiments, the secondary player may be provided with an            indication of what the primary player did in games with            similar external contexts, such as games played at the same            time of day, games played at the same table, games played at            the same casino, games played just after a big loss for the            primary player, and so on.        -   2.4.4. What cards have been dealt already? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be provided with an            indication of what cards have already been dealt in a game.            For example, in a game of blackjack, the secondary player            may be told what cards have been dealt from a deck in prior            games where the deck was used. If, for example, the            secondary player thinks the primary player has been counting            cards, the secondary player may use information about prior            cards dealt in order to predict the reaction by the primary            player to the card count. In a game of poker, the secondary            player may have the opportunity to view cards that have been            dealt, e.g., as part of an initial hand. Looking at the            cards of the initial hand may then help the secondary player            to better predict a primary player's decision.        -   2.4.5. The secondary player is provided with a probability.            In various embodiments, a secondary player may be provided            with the probability of a particular resolution to an event.            For example, if the secondary player is betting on the roll            of a die, the secondary player may be told that the            probability of a six being rolled is 1/6.        -   2.4.6. Regulatory requirements for hints. In various            embodiments, regulations may dictate whether or not a hint            must be provided. In some embodiments, regulations may            dictate that the probability of a resolution be provided. In            some embodiment, regulations may require that a secondary            player be given a probability that an event comes to a            particular resolution if there would be no way for the            secondary player to know such a probability. For example,            while it is possible for a secondary player to know the            probability that a 6-sided die will land in a certain way, a            secondary player may have no way of knowing that a reel of a            slot machine will display a certain symbol since the reel            may be controlled by a secret algorithm. In some            embodiments, regulations may dictate that a hint not mislead            a secondary player. For example, in game of video poker, a            hint inform a secondary player of a decision that would be            made by a primary player using a particular strategy.            However, the strategy may not be a strategy that would            typically be employed by any player, and thus the hint would            not likely give the secondary player the proper direction.            In some embodiments, regulations may dictate the form in            which a hint must be provided. Regulations may require that            a hint be given in multiple languages. Regulations might            require that a player have the option of which language will            be used to view the hint.        -   2.4.7. Form of hints (for example, secondary players are            simply not allowed to make certain bets). In some            embodiments, a hint may take the form of preventing a            secondary player from making certain bets. Such bets may be            disadvantageous for the secondary player or for the casino.            For example, a graphical user interface may display options            for what resolutions the secondary player can bet on. In a            game of blackjack, such options may include a “hit” option            for betting that a primary player will hit, a “stand” option            for betting that a primary player will stand, and a “double            down” option for betting that a primary player will double            down. If the primary player has been dealt an initial hand            with a point total of 10, then the “stand” option may be            grayed out such that the secondary player cannot bet that            the primary player will stand. This is because it would make            no sense for the primary player to stand when the primary            player can hit, increase his point total, and have no risk            of busting.    -   2.5. Setting the odds on an event. In some embodiments, the        casino may set the payout odds on an event by reference to        historical data. Historical data may be used to arrive at a        probability of a resolution of an event. For example, historical        data may be used to determine the probability with which a        primary player will make a particular decision in a game. This        probability may be used, in turn, to provide payout odds to a        secondary player who wants to bet that the primary player will        make the particular decision.        -   2.5.1. Data not including the current game. In some            embodiments, the casino may use data from historical games            of primary players in order to determine a probability that            a primary player will make a particular decision. For            example, the casino may examine a set of historical games in            which various primary players had hands with 16 points            against a dealer's 10 points showing. The casino may            determine the number of primary players who hit and the            number of primary players who stood in order to arrive an            estimated probability for what a primary player will do in a            particular game under consideration. For example, the casino            may look at 100 historical games and may find that 45 times            the primary player hit, and 55 times the primary player            stood. Thus, the casino may determine that there is a 45%            chance that a primary player will hit and a 55% chance that            a primary player will stand under a similar situation. Once            the casino has an estimate of the probabilities of various            outcomes, the casino may set payout odds in order to create            a positive house advantage. For example, in the            aforementioned example, the casino may set payout odds of            1:1 if the secondary player bets on “hit”, and 3:4 odds if            the secondary player bets on stand. In various embodiments,            historical data may include data about historical games of            the primary player who is involved in the particular game in            question. For example, to determine the probability that a            particular primary player will make a decision, the casino            may look at historical data for that primary player.        -   2.5.2. Data including the current game. In some embodiments,            payout odds may be set for a game based on a set of games            which include that game. For example, the casino may use a            set of games that include X (e.g., 1000) games in which a            player had a pair of nines and the dealer showed an 8 in a            game of blackjack. The casino may determine how many times            the player with the nines split, and how many times the            player just stood. The casino may thus know, with certainty,            the probability that the nines would be split and the            probability that the primary player would stand for a game            randomly selected from the set of X games. Accordingly, the            casino could then set payout odds for a bet on standing and            a bet on splitting. The casino could set such payout odds in            order to create a positive house advantage. The casino may            then allow a secondary player to bet on a decision of a            primary player in a game from the set of 1000 games, such as            from a randomly selected game of the set of 1000 games.    -   2.6. Bet on a random action in the game. In various embodiments,        a secondary player may bet on the resolution of any desired        event. For example, in a table game of craps, the secondary        player may bet that one die will bounce off the table. In a game        of poker, the secondary player may bet that one of the primary        players will throw his cards, that a primary player will get        ejected from the game, that a primary player will bet out of        order, or that any other resolution to an event will occur. In        some embodiments, a secondary player may bet on any resolution        that is external to the normal play of a game. For example, the        secondary player may bet that a player will spill a drink at a        gaming table.    -   2.7. Bet on a particular sub-outcome. There are many events on        which a secondary player may bet. For each event, there may be        one or more resolutions on which the secondary player may bet.        -   2.7.1. blackjack. In a game of blackjack a secondary player            may bet on: (a) the rank or suit of a particular card, such            as the first, second, third, etc. player card or the first,            second, third, etc. dealer card; (b) a decision that will be            made by a primary player (e.g., hit, stand); (c) a decision            that will be made by a dealer; (d) whether a primary player            will bust; (e) whether a dealer will bust; (f) whether the            primary player will receive two identical cards; (g) whether            the primary player will receive two or more cards of the            same suit; (h) whether two primary players in a game receive            the same cards; (i) a starting point total for a primary            player; (j) a starting point total for a dealer; (k) whether            a primary player's ending point total will fall within a            particular range; and so on.        -   2.7.2. Roulette. In a game of roulette, a secondary player            may bet on (a) red; (b) black; (c) a particular number; (d)            a particular range of numbers; (e) the occurrence of a            number in a particular sector of a wheel; (f) an amount that            a primary player will bet; (g) a number that a primary            player will bet on; (h) green; and so on.        -   2.7.3. Slot machines. In a slot machine game a secondary            player may bet on: (a) the occurrence of a symbol on a            reel; (b) the occurrence of a set of symbols on a set of            reels (e.g., the secondary player bets that the first reel            will show a “bar” and the second reel will show a            “lemon”); (c) whether a bonus round will be reached; (d) the            level of a bonus round that will be reached; (d) a decision            that a primary player will make in a bonus round; (e) a            resolution of a bonus round (e.g., how much money the            primary player will win from the bonus round); (f) the            amount that the primary player will bet; (g) the number of            pay-lines that the primary player will bet; (h) the number            of pay-lines that will win, and so on.        -   2.7.4. Card Games. In a card game, such as a game of poker,            a secondary player may bet on: (a) the occurrence of a            particular card in a hand of cards; (b) the occurrence of a            particular combination of cards in a hand of cards (e.g.,            the occurrence of a pair); (c) an order in which cards are            dealt (e.g., the secondary player may bet that each card            dealt will have a higher rank than the last card dealt); (d)            a position in which a card will be dealt (e.g., an ace will            be dealt as the first card in a player's hand; and so on.            -   2.7.4.1. Poker. In a game of poker, a secondary player                may bet on what bets will be made by primary players in                the game. A secondary player may bet on whether a bet                will be a check, call, bet, raise, or fold; on how much                a primary player will bet; on how many callers there                will be for a bet or raise; on how many times a pot will                be raised; on how many rounds of betting there will be;                on how many players will be all-in; and so on. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the total                size of a pot. In some embodiments, a secondary player                may bet on whether there will be a tie. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the size of a                side-pot.        -   2.7.5. Dice Games. In a game of dice, a secondary player may            bet on one roll of the dice. For example, the secondary            player may bet that two dice rolled will total to 12. In a            game of Sic Bo, a player may bet that one of the three dice            rolled will show a 4.    -   2.8. Bet on length of the game. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may bet on the length of a game.        -   2.8.1. Time. A secondary player may bet on the time that a            game will last. A game may be counted to start when a            primary player makes a bet, when a first random event occurs            in a game, when a first card is dealt, when a first roll of            the dice is made, when a first player decision is made, and            so on. A game may be counted to end when a payout is made,            when a player's bet is collected, when a last random outcome            is generated, when objects used in a game are collected            (e.g., when cards are collected), when a payout is            announced), or when a subsequent game starts.        -   2.8.2. Number of cards required. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may bet on the number of cards that will be            dealt in a game. A secondary player may bet on the number of            cards that will be dealt to a particular hand (e.g., to a            player hand in blackjack; e.g., to a dealer hand in            blackjack); or to a particular combination of hands (e.g.,            to the hands of both the player and the dealer; e.g., to            three players in a game of blackjack). A secondary player            may bet on the number of cards that will be dealt as common            cards. For example, regarding a game of Texas Hold'em, the            secondary player may bet that all five common cards will be            dealt. In other words the secondary player may bet that at            least two people will remain in the game until the fifth            common card is dealt.        -   2.8.3. Number of rolls of dice required. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the number of            rolls of dice that will occur in a game. For example, a            secondary player may bet that there will be seven rolls of            dice in a game of craps. In other words, the secondary            player may bet that the primary player will set a point and            then take six additional rolls to either roll the point            number again or achieve a seven.        -   2.8.4. Number of bonus round levels reached. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the number of            levels that a primary player will reach in a bonus round,            e.g., in a bonus round of a slot machine game. A bonus round            may have a plurality of separate levels. If a primary player            does well in earlier levels, e.g., by correctly choosing the            location of hidden treasures, the primary player may make it            to later levels. However, if the primary player does poorly            in earlier levels, the primary player may not reach later            levels. Thus, the number of levels reached in a bonus round            may be effectively random. In some embodiments, a secondary            player may bet on the number of spaces a character will            advance on a game board in a bonus round. For example,            regarding a bonus round in a game of Monopoly®, a secondary            player may bet on the number of spaces that a game character            will traverse on the game board. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may bet on the space or spaces on which a            game character will land in a game. For example, a secondary            player may bet that a game character will land on Boardwalk            in a game of Monopoly®.    -   2.9. Bet on a different game within the game. E.g., bet on poker        within blackjack. In some embodiments, a secondary player may        bet on the occurrence of an outcome from a first game, but in        the context of a second game. For example, a secondary player        may bet that a primary player who is involved in a game of        blackjack will receive cards that create a poker hand which is        three-of-a-kind. In a game of Sic-bo, a secondary player may bet        that two of three dice used will form a winning roll in a game        of craps.    -   2.10. Bet on the order in which people will remain in the game.        Various games include multiple primary players. In some        multi-player games, players may be eliminated or may drop out of        the games. For example, in a game of poker, players may drop out        of the game as they fold. In various embodiments, a secondary        player may bet on the manner in which primary players are        eliminated.        -   2.10.1. Who will be the first one out? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on which primary            player will be the first primary player eliminated. A            secondary player may bet on who will be the second primary            player eliminated, the third primary player eliminated, or            who will be the primary player eliminated in any other spot.        -   2.10.2. Who will be the last two standing? In various            embodiments, the secondary player may bet on which primary            player will be the last one remaining. The secondary player            may bet on who will be the second to last primary player            remaining, who will be the third to last remaining, and so            on. The secondary player may bet on who will be the last two            primary players remaining. In various embodiments, the            secondary player may bet on any combination of primary            players and on any combination of places (e.g., last, second            to last) in which primary players are eliminated. The            secondary player may win the bet if the designated            combination of primary players was eliminated in the            designated combination of places. A secondary player may bet            that a particular three primary players will be the last            three remaining, regardless of the order in which they are            eliminated after the final three. In some embodiments, the            secondary player may bet not only that a particular group of            primary players will be the last three remaining, but also            on the order in which the last three will be eliminated            (e.g., players A, B, and C will be the last three, player A            will be the last, and player B will be the second to last            remaining).        -   2.10.3. Who will be the three in after the flop? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the number of            primary players that will be remaining in a game at a            certain point in the game. For example, a secondary player            may bet on the number of primary players that will be            remaining by the flop in a game of Texas Hold'em poker, or            by fifth street in a game of seven-card stud poker. A            secondary player may bet on how many primary players will be            remaining in a game after X number of cards have been dealt            in the game, regardless of whom the cards have been dealt            to. A secondary player may bet that a particular primary            player will remain in a game at a certain point in the game.            For example, a secondary player may bet that primary player            Joe Smith will be remaining in the game after the flop.        -   2.10.4. Which three people won't bust? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a combination of            people who will bust in a game of blackjack. For example, a            secondary player may bet that, of a particular group of            three primary players in a game of blackjack, all will bust.            A secondary player may bet that one player will not bust. A            secondary player may bet that of a group of primary players,            none will bust during a game.    -   2.11. Bet on what the primary player himself will do. In some        embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a decision that will        be made by a primary player in a game.        -   2.11.1. The primary player will hit here. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a decision that a            primary player will make in a game of blackjack. A secondary            player may bet that a primary player will do one or more of            the following: (a) hit; (b) stand; (c) surrender; (d)            split; (e) double down; (f) take insurance.        -   2.11.2. The primary player will draw to the flush. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a strategy that a            primary player will employ in a game of video poker. The            strategy may be specified with a specification of which            cards a primary player will discard. For example, the            secondary player may specify that the primary player will            discard the first, third, and fourth cards from a starting            hand. In some embodiments, the secondary player may specify            one or more cards that will be discarded while not excluding            the possibility that additional cards might be discarded.            For example, the secondary player may specify that the            primary player will discard the second card in his hand. The            secondary player may then win his bet if the primary player            discards the second card, regardless of other cards that the            primary player might discard. A secondary player may specify            the strategy of a primary player in terms of a goal            attributable to the strategy. For example, the secondary            player might specify that the primary player will “draw to a            flush” or “draw to a straight”.        -   2.11.3. How much will the primary player bet? In some            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the amount that a            primary player will bet. For example, the secondary player            may bet that a primary player will bet $5 in a slot machine            game. For example, the secondary player may bet that the            primary player will raise by $25 in a game of poker.        -   2.11.4. What bet will the primary player make? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a particular bet            that a primary player will make in a game. For example, in a            game of craps, there are many possible bets that a primary            player can make, including a pass bet a don't pass bet, an            “any seven” bet, an “any eleven” bet, a “horn bet”, and so            on. The secondary player may bet on which of these, or other            possible bets, the primary player will make.        -   2.11.5. Which pay-lines will the primary player activate? In            various embodiments, a secondary player may bet on whether            or not a primary player will bet on a particular pay-line at            a gaming device. For example, a gaming device may have three            pay-lines. A secondary player may bet that the primary            player will bet on the third pay line.        -   2.11.6. Bet on primary players' heart rate, breathing, and            other bio signatures. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may bet on a vital sign of a primary player. The            secondary player may bet on the heart rate, breathing rate,            blood pressure, skin conductivity, body temperature, pupil            dilation, muscle tension, or any other indicator tied to the            primary player. For example, the secondary player may bet            that the peak heart rate of a primary player will be 120            during a game of poker. For example, a secondary player may            bet that a primary player will take 5 breaths in the next            minute. The secondary player, by betting on the vital signs            of a primary player, may indirectly bet on the stress level            of a game and/or the primary player's response to stressful            stimuli.        -   2.11.7. When will the primary player stop playing? Now?            After five games? In various embodiments, a secondary player            may bet on the length of a playing session of a primary            player. The length may be measured in terms of time, the            number of games played, the number of bets made, the number            of cards dealt during a session, the number of times dice            are rolled, or in terms of any other metric. For example, a            secondary player may bet that a primary player will play            five more games before quitting. For example, a secondary            player may bet that a primary player will play for 40 more            minutes before quitting. A session may be defined as having            ended after: (a) a primary player has stopped playing for X            amount of time; (b) a primary player has left the location            of a game; (c) a primary player has cashed out; (d) a            primary player has exchanged chips for money; (e) a primary            player has run out of money; and so on.        -   2.11.8. What drink will the primary player order? In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a service that            the primary player will receive. A secondary player may bet            on a drink a primary player will order, on the type of food            the primary player will order, on the price of a primary            player's food or drink, on the amount that a primary player            will tip a casino representative, and so on.        -   2.11.9. How many pulls will the primary player complete in            an hour? In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet            on the speed with which a primary player plays. A secondary            player may bet on: (a) the number of handle pulls that a            primary player makes in an hour or in any period of            time; (b) the time between two handle pulls; (c) the time            between the start of two games of blackjack; (d) the time            between the placing of a bet in a game and the time of the            provision of a payout; and so on.        -   2.11.10. Any combination of what primary players will do.            For example, five primary players split. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet on any combination            of decisions that will be made by primary players in a game.            For example, a secondary player may bet that at least 3            primary players will split in a game of blackjack; a            secondary player may bet that a particular group of three            primary players will split in a game of blackjack; a            secondary player may bet that exactly three primary players            in a game of blackjack will hit and that exactly one will            split; and so on. Regarding a game of poker, a secondary            player may bet that exactly two primary player will call a            particular bet. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may bet that certain decisions will or will not be made            without regard to who makes the decisions. For example,            regarding a game of poker, a secondary player may bet that            one primary player will bet and that three primary players            will call, without specifying which primary players will be            the ones to bet and call. The secondary player may win his            bet if any primary player bets and if any three primary            players call.    -   2.12. Bet only on the third pay-line. Unlike the primary player,        the secondary player does not have to bet on pay-lines 1 and 2        before betting on pay-line 3. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may bet on an event in isolation on which the        primary player was not allowed to bet in isolation. For example,        the secondary player may bet on only the third pay-line of a        slot machine. However, the primary player may have been required        to bet on the first and second pay-lines at the slot machine        before he could bet on the third pay-line. In a game of craps, a        secondary player may be allowed to make an odds bet even without        making a pass-line bet. Often, a primary player must first make        a pass-line bet before making an odds bet.    -   2.13. Bet on what ad shows on the gaming device. In various        embodiments, a secondary player may bet on an advertisement that        will be displayed on a gaming device. In various embodiments, a        gaming device may display an advertisement. In various        embodiments, a gaming device may display an advertisement        occasionally or periodically. An advertisement may be displayed        at random or according to a schedule that is unknown to the        secondary player. Accordingly, the secondary player may bet on        what advertisement will be shown at a gaming device. For        example, a secondary player may bet that an advertisement for        vitamin water will be displayed on a gaming device. An        advertisement may take the form of text, a still image, a video,        or any other output that serves to promote a product or service,        either directly or indirectly. A secondary player may specify a        bet on an advertisement by specifying the product that will be        promoted. For example, a secondary player may specify that        Triscuit crackers will be advertised. A secondary player may        specify a bet in terms of a general product category, such as        crackers or snack foods. A secondary player may specify a bet on        an advertisement by specifying a brand for a product or a name        of a manufacturer for a product. In some embodiments, a        secondary player may specify a bet on an advertisement through a        multiple choice selection, where the secondary player may        specify from among multiple possible different products to bet        on. In some embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the time        until the next advertisement. In some embodiments, a secondary        player may bet on when the next advertisement for a particular        product will be.    -   2.14. Combine sub-outcomes from several games to form larger        outcomes. In some embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the        outcome of a game which is created synthetically using events        from more than one game. For example, synthetic game may be        created for the secondary player using a first set of cards that        was dealt in a first game for a primary player, and a second set        of cards that was dealt in a second game for the primary player.        As another example, a synthetic game may be created using a        first roll of two dice from a first craps game, and a second        roll of two dice from a second craps game. As another example, a        synthetic slot machine game may be created using the symbol        appearing on reel 1 in a first game, the symbol appearing on        reel 2 in a second game, and the symbol appearing on reel 3 in a        third game. If, for example, all three symbols are “cherry”,        then the secondary player may be paid as if all three cherries        had occurred on the same spin on adjacent reels.    -   2.15. Bet on a machine malfunction, or coin refill. In various        embodiments, a secondary player may bet on the occurrence of a        machine malfunction. For example, a secondary player may bet        that a machine will malfunction within the next hour. In various        embodiments, a secondary player may bet that a gaming device        will need a coin refill. For example, the secondary player may        bet that a gaming device will need a coin refill within the next        10 minutes.

Embodiments described herein with respect to complete games or outcomesmay similarly apply to events within a game. For example, just as asecondary player may search for games having particular characteristics,a secondary player may search for events within a game having particularcharacteristics, or a secondary player may search for games withparticular characteristics so as to bet on events within such games. Asecondary player may search for particular primary players and bet onevents within the games of such primary players.

In some embodiments, a secondary player may seek to view historical orcurrent games. The secondary player may desire to participate in thegames. The secondary player may, in some embodiments, perform a searchfor games which satisfy a first set of criteria. For example a secondaryplayer may search for games which were played by a particular primaryplayer. The search may yield a plurality of games. The games may then besorted using a second set of criteria. The plurality of games may besorted according to: (a) the time at which the games were played (e.g.,the games may be sorted from the most recently played to the one playedthe furthest in the past); (b) the amounts won in the games (e.g., thegames may be sorted from the game with the highest payout to the gamewith the lowest payout); (c) the amounts bet on the games; (d) therankings of hands dealt in the games (e.g., games of poker may be sortedaccording to the poker ranking of the initial hand; e.g., games ofblackjack may be sorted according to the point total of the final hand);(e) the results of the games (e.g., the primary player won; e.g., thedealer won); (f) the initial number rolled on a die in each game of thegames; (g) the location in which the games were played (e.g., games maybe sorted according to the floor in the casino where the games wereplayed); (h) the name of the gaming devices on which the games wereplayed (e.g., games may be sorted such that the gaming devices on whichthe games were played are in alphabetical order); (i) the name of theprimary players who initially played the games; (j) the number ofsecondary players who participated in each of the games; and so on.

Any physical game described herein may be implemented electronically invarious embodiments. For example, embodiments pertaining to the play ofblackjack at a physical card table may pertain as well to a game ofblackjack played over an electronic network. For example, a primaryplayer may play blackjack using a video blackjack device. As anotherexample, a primary player may play blackjack over the Internet. Asecondary player may bet on the outcomes of the game of the primaryplayer and/or on events within the game of the primary player.

In various embodiments, a secondary player may participate in the gameof a primary player, but take the game in a different direction from thedirection in which the primary player took the game. For example, theprimary player may be involved in a game which requires a decision onthe part of the primary player. The primary player may make a firstdecision in the game. The secondary player, meanwhile, may beparticipating in the game, but may prefer a different decision from thedecision made by the primary player. Thus, the secondary player may havethe opportunity to complete the game in a different fashion than doesthe primary player. For example, the outcome based on which thesecondary player is paid may be different from the outcome based onwhich the primary player is paid. Note that the secondary player mayparticipate in a game after the primary player has participated in thegame. Thus, the secondary player may participate in a historical game.The secondary player may, nevertheless, seek to take a differentdirection in the game than what happened in the original game.

The following is an example of some embodiments. A primary player beginsplay of a game of blackjack. The primary player is dealt a nine and athree as his initial hand. The dealer shows a two face up. The primaryplayer decides to hit. The primary player is dealt a ten and thereforebusts because his point total is now 22. The secondary player, prior toseeing the ten which was dealt to the primary player, decides he wouldrather stand than hit. At this point, the casino server determines whatwould have happened had the primary player stood. The casino server maythen play the dealer's hand, or at least a simulated version of thedealer's hand. The casino server may reveal the dealer's down card to bea 10, providing the dealer with an initial point total of 12. The casinoserver may then make a hit decision on behalf of the dealer. The casinoserver may then deal a 10 to the dealer (the same 10 that had gone tothe primary player before). The dealer then busts, and the secondaryplayer wins. Thus, both the primary player and the secondary player havestarted from the same game. However, the primary player and thesecondary player have taken the game in different directions by makingdifferent decisions at a juncture in the game. As a result, the primaryplayer has lost but the secondary player has won.

-   3. In various embodiments, a secondary player may replay and/or redo    some aspect of a game of a primary player.    -   3.1. A secondary player may redo a game knowing different        information from what the primary player knew. When facing a        decision in a game, a primary player may have a given amount of        information available to him. For example, in a game of        blackjack, a primary player facing a decision to “hit”, “stand”,        “double down”, “split” or “surrender”, may know his own two        cards and one of the dealer cards. However, the primary player        may not know other potentially valuable information, such as the        dealer's face-down card, or the next card to be dealt at the top        of the deck. In various embodiments, a secondary player        participating in the game of a primary player may have access to        additional information that the primary player does not or did        not have at the time the primary player originally plays or        played the game.        -   3.1.1. Know the cards yet to come. In various embodiments, a            secondary player participating in the game of a primary            player may be presented with information about a card that            was unknown to the primary player at the same juncture in            the game. For example, a secondary player participating in a            game of video poker may be presented with information about            the next card to be dealt in the deck. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be presented with            information about a card: (a) in the dealer's hand; (b) in            an opponent's hand (e.g., in the hand of an opponent in a            game of Texas Hold'em); (c) in another primary player's hand            (e.g., in the hand of another primary player in a game of            blackjack in embodiments where primary player hands are not            dealt completely face up); (d) that was burned; (e) that            will not be dealt (e.g., a card at the bottom of a deck of            cards may have no chance of being dealt in a game); (f) that            is unlikely to be dealt (e.g., a card that is in the middle            of a deck may be unlikely to be dealt in a game); and so on.            Information about a card may include information about a            suit of the card, and information about a rank of a card.            For example, a secondary player may be told that a card is a            heart, or that a card is not a spade. For example, a            secondary player may be told that a card is a 10-point value            card (e.g., in a game of blackjack). For example, a            secondary player may be told that a card's rank is between            two and six, or that a card is not a seven. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be told the exact rank            and suit of a card, such as a queen of diamonds.        -   3.1.2. Know the primary player made a losing decision. In            various embodiments, a secondary player may be given            information about the consequences of a primary player's            decision in a game. For example, the secondary player may be            told that the primary player's decision resulted in the            primary player losing a game. For example, if a primary            player in a game of blackjack decided to hit and busted, a            secondary player may be told that the primary player's            decision led to the primary player busting. A secondary            player may be told that a primary player's decision did not            achieve the best possible outcome of a game. Even if a            primary player's decision led to a winning outcome, the            secondary player may still be told that the primary player's            decision did not lead to the best possible outcome. For            example, in a game of video poker, if a primary player drew            three cards and made a three-of-a-kind, the primary player            may have had the potential to draw three cards in a            different way and to make a straight-flush. Thus, the            primary player may not have obtained the best outcome that            he could of. Of course, the primary player may have made the            correct decision from his point of view since he did not            know that he would have been able to successfully draw to            the straight-flush. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may be informed of the relative merits of the primary            player's decision or strategy in relation to other possible            decisions or strategies. For example, regarding a game of            video poker, a secondary player may be told that the primary            player made the second best possible decision in terms of            what outcomes the primary player could have achieved. In            various embodiments, the secondary player may be told the            merits of a primary player's decision or strategy assuming            the primary player had perfect information about what the            results of the various decisions or strategies would be. In            some embodiments, the primary player will not have or have            had perfect information about the consequences of his            decisions, so that pronouncements on the merits of the            primary player's decisions would not necessarily indicate            that the primary player made a bad or wrong decision. In            some embodiments, a secondary player may be provided with an            indication of the merits of a strategy or decision, whether            or not the primary player chose such a decision or strategy.            For example, in some embodiments, a secondary player may be            told that a particular strategy is a good strategy but not            the best possible strategy. For example, a secondary player            may be told that a particular strategy is a losing strategy.            In various embodiments, the casino may have knowledge about            cards that would be unknown to the secondary player in a            game. Thus, the casino may be able to inform the secondary            player based on such knowledge and thereby provide useful            strategy recommendations to the secondary player without            explicitly sharing the knowledge.    -   3.2. A secondary player may redo a game with the same ordering        of a deck of cards, or with a different ordering. In various        embodiments, the consequences of all possible primary player        decisions are determined in advance, e.g., at the beginning of a        game or prior to a decision of a primary player. For example, in        a game of video poker, the shuffling and ordering of a deck of        cards before a game serves to determine the consequences of any        decision the primary player may make in a game. For example, the        shuffling leads to a particular order of the deck such that any        new cards that the primary player may decide to draw can be        determined deterministically by dealing cards from the top of        the deck. In various embodiments, the consequences of all        combinations of primary player decisions in a game may be        determined in advance. For example, in a game of blackjack, the        shuffling of a deck before a game may place the cards to be        dealt to primary players in a deterministic order. Thus, for a        given set of primary player decisions (and given rules dictating        what decisions must be made by the dealer), an outcome of the        game for each set of primary player decisions may be determined        deterministically from the ordering of cards in the deck. In        various embodiments, the symbols that will be revealed on each        reel of slot machine are determined in advance and prior to the        revelation of even a single symbol. For example, the symbol that        will be revealed on the third reel of a slot machine may be        determined even before the symbol on the first reel of the slot        machine is revealed. In various embodiments, the advanced        determination of all possible consequences of a primary player's        decision may or may not also apply to a possible alternate        decision by a secondary player. In various embodiments, the        advanced determination of one or more symbols in a game may or        may not apply to the secondary player prior to the revelation of        the symbols to the primary player or to the secondary player.        -   3.2.1. Same ordering. In various embodiments, the advanced            determination of all possible consequences of a primary            player's decision may apply in the same way to the possible            consequences of a secondary player's decision. In other            words, suppose the primary player is or has played a game,            and the secondary player is participating in the game. At a            given juncture in the game, a particular decision by the            secondary player (e.g., “hit”) will have the same            consequences for the secondary player as the same particular            decision made by the primary player would have for the            primary player. For example, a decision by the secondary            player to “hit” would result in the secondary player being            dealt a four of diamonds. Likewise, a decision by the            primary player to hit would result in the primary player            being dealt the four of diamonds. It should be noted that            for the primary player and the secondary player to            experience the same consequence given the same decision may            mean that the primary and secondary players will experience            the same outcomes or will receive the same symbols or            indicia. The actual payouts received by the primary player            and the secondary player may differ, in some embodiments,            due to differing bets by the primary and secondary players.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may decide to                continue a game that has already been started. The                secondary player may decide to join a game, for example,                after an event within the game has been resolved. For                example, a secondary player may decide to join a game                after a first symbol on reel of a slot machine has been                revealed, but before symbols on a second reel or on a                third reel have been revealed. Once the secondary player                decides to join the game, the game may proceed exactly                as it had for the primary player who originally played                the game (or exactly as it will for the primary player                currently involved in the game). In other words, once                the secondary player joins the game, the secondary                player may receive the same outcome of the game that the                primary player does or has. This may occur by virtue of                the outcome of the game having been determined in                advance, even before the revelation of the first symbol,                for example.        -   3.2.2. Different ordering. In some embodiments a secondary            player may participate in the game of a primary player, make            all the same decisions as does the primary player, yet            achieve a different result. The consequences of secondary            player decisions may not be the same as the consequences of            primary player decisions. In some embodiments, the            consequences of a secondary player's decisions are            determined after the start of a game. For example, the            consequences of a secondary player's decisions are            determined at the juncture in a game where a secondary            player makes a decision, just prior to when a secondary            player makes a decision, or even after a secondary player            makes a decision. The consequences of possible decisions to            be made by a secondary player may be determined by shuffling            a remaining portion of a deck of cards from which cards will            be dealt in the game in which the secondary player is            participating. For example, suppose a primary player has            been involved in a game of blackjack and has received an            initial two-card hand. The primary player may decide to hit,            and may thereby receive a king of clubs dealt from the top            of the deck. A secondary player may participate in the same            game. The secondary player may also decide to hit after the            initial two-card hand has been dealt. However, prior to the            second player receiving a new card in his hand, the            remaining portion of the deck of cards may be reshuffled.            Thus, the secondary player may receive a different card than            did the primary player, e.g., the secondary player may            receive the five of hearts. Thus, the consequences of the            secondary player's decision to hit will have been determined            only after the secondary player has made his decision, the            determination being made through the reshuffling of the deck            of cards.            -   In embodiments where the secondary player does not make                the same decision as does the primary player, the                consequences of the secondary player's decision may not                necessarily be determined at the beginning of the game.                For example, in a game of video poker, a primary player                may decide to discard the fourth and fifth cards from a                starting hand. The secondary player, who is                participating in the same game as the primary player and                therefore has the same starting hand, may instead decide                to discard the first and second cards from the starting                hand. The primary player may be dealt a ten of diamonds                and a queen of clubs. The secondary player may be dealt                a jack of hearts and a nine of hearts. The secondary                player may receive different cards than does the primary                player because the cards to be dealt to the secondary                player after the initial hand may be determined using a                separate randomization process from that used to                determine the cards dealt to the primary player after                the initial hand. For example, after the initial cards                in a game of video poker have been dealt, the remaining                cards in the deck may be reshuffled from the order they                had in the deck used in the game of the primary player.                In some embodiments, the remaining cards in the deck may                be reshuffled in both the game of the primary player and                in the game of the secondary player. The two                reshufflings may be different from one another, however,                so that the order of the remaining cards in the deck for                the primary player is different from the order of the                remaining cards in the deck for the secondary player.            -   In various embodiments, a copy of a game, a deck, or of                other game elements may be used in completing a game of                a secondary player. For example, when a primary player                begins a game, the deck of cards used in the game of the                primary player may be copied. The deck may be copied so                that the order of the cards within the deck is copied as                well. The primary and the secondary player may then play                out the remainder of the game from the two separate                copies of the deck, without interfering with one                another. In one embodiment, both the primary player and                the secondary player start out using the same deck to                generate, e.g., an initial hand. Thereafter, the                remaining portion of the deck (e.g., the part of the                deck that hasn't been dealt yet), is copied. This part                of the deck may then be reshuffled, or it may not be                reshuffled. The secondary player may then play out the                remainder of the game using the copied portion of the                deck. Thus, the secondary player may play out the                remaining portion of the game separately from the                primary player without interfering with the game of the                primary player.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in slot machine game. A first symbol from                the slot machine game may be revealed. The secondary                player may wish to continue the game from the point                after the first symbol has been revealed. However, the                secondary player may wish to continue the game in a                different fashion from that in which the primary player                has continued the game. In other words, the secondary                player may want the remaining symbols of his outcome to                be generated randomly using a different random process                than that used to generate the remaining symbols for the                primary player. Thus, in some embodiments, the casino                (or the gaming device working on behalf of the casino)                may randomly determine additional symbols to generate                and display for the secondary player, where such symbols                need not necessarily be the same as those generated and                displayed for the primary player. In various                embodiments, a casino may randomly determine a way to                generate additional symbols as follows. A casino may                determine all outcomes containing the one or more                symbols that have already been generated. Such outcomes                may be probability weighted so that, for example, it is                understood that some are more likely to occur than                others. The casino may then select from among the                probability weighted outcomes randomly and in proportion                to their weightings. Thus, for example, an outcome with                twice the probability weighting of another outcome would                be twice as likely to be selected.    -   3.3. A secondary player may redo the game after the fact. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may replay a game from a        certain juncture after the game has already been completed. For        example, one hour after a game of video poker has been        completed, a secondary player may replay the game starting after        the initial hand has been dealt but before any decision has been        made as to which cards to discard. As described above, a        secondary player may replay a game with different outcomes or        consequences than those experienced by the primary player, even        if the secondary player and the primary player made the same        decisions in the game. This is because the replayed game may be        replayed with a different randomization process used than was        used for the original game.        -   3.3.1. Replay a live game. In various embodiments, a            secondary player may replay a game that was originally            played with multiple primary players. For example, the            secondary player may replay a game of Texas Hold'em poker in            which there were originally 9 primary players. The secondary            player may wish to play the hand of one of the 9 players.            -   3.3.1.1. The casino uses AI. In various embodiments, in                order for the secondary player to have the opportunity                to replay a multi-player game, other entities may take                the positions of primary players other than the player                who the secondary player has replaced. Thus, in some                embodiments, the casino may use computer algorithms to                take the place of the other primary players. The                computer algorithms may be programmed to make decisions                in a game, such as in a game of poker. For example, the                computer algorithms may include a set of rules detailing                what actions to take for any given game situation. When                replaying the game, the secondary player may thus play                against one or more computer algorithms. In some                embodiments, the casino may disclose to the secondary                player one or more attributes of a computer algorithm                used in a multi-player game. The casino may disclose the                rules used by the computer algorithm. The casino may                disclose a personality of the algorithm, such as                “aggressive” or “tight”. In various embodiments, the                casino may be required to disclose one or more                attributes of a computer algorithm. The requirements may                come from casino regulators, for example.            -   3.3.1.2. Secondary player plays against other secondary                players. In various embodiments, if a first secondary                player replays a game involving multiple primary                players, the positions of other primary player may be                filled with other secondary players. Thus, in some                embodiments, the first secondary player may replay a                game against other secondary players. In some                embodiments, a first secondary player may replay a game                against one or more other secondary players and against                one or more computer algorithms.            -   3.3.1.3. Other players are not opponents. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may replay a game that                included multiple primary players. However, the primary                players may not have been opponents of one another. For                example, a secondary player may replay a game of                blackjack from a live table game which originally                included 6 primary players. The primary players were not                opponents, but rather were competing against the casino.                When the secondary player replays the game, the                secondary player may wish for positions of the other                primary players at the game to be filled as well. Thus,                in some embodiments, computer algorithms may fill the                places of other primary players. In some embodiments,                other secondary players may fill the places of other                primary players.    -   3.4. A secondary player may make a different decision in real        time and diverge into a different game. In various embodiments,        a secondary player may participate in a game that is currently        being played by a primary player. Thus, the secondary player may        participate in a game of a primary player in real time. However,        at a particular point in a game, the secondary player may wish        to diverge from the course of the primary player. For example,        the secondary player may wish to make a different decision in        the game than does the primary player. In some embodiments, the        secondary player may not know which decision the primary player        will make. However, the secondary player may wish to make his        own decision anyway, even if it turns out that the decision of        the secondary player will be the same as the decision of the        primary player. Once the games of both the primary player and        the secondary player have finished, the secondary player may        rejoin the primary player for the next game. In other words, the        secondary player and the primary player in the next game may        receive the same symbols, indicia, or other event resolutions.        If the primary player finishes his game before the secondary        player does, the primary player may be delayed by the casino        until the secondary player has an opportunity to bet on the next        game.    -   3.5. Searching for games with certain characteristics. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may search for games        with particular characteristics. As described elsewhere herein,        a secondary player may search for the games of a particular        primary player, for games played at a particular gaming device,        for games played at a particular time of day, for games played        at a particular casino, for games played right before a big win,        and so on. However, the secondary player may also search for        games which would give the secondary player an opportunity to        proceed from a certain starting point in a beneficial fashion.        Once the secondary player finds a game in a search, the        secondary player may have the opportunity to play out the game        from a certain point in the game, such as from a decision point        in the game.        -   3.5.1. The wrong decision was made. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may search for a game in which a primary            player made a decision that met or failed to meet one or            more criteria. A secondary player may search for a game in            which the primary player: (a) did not make a decision which            generated the highest expected winnings for the primary            player; (b) did not make a decision which made the primary            player eligible for the highest paying outcome that the            primary player could have been eligible for; (c) did not            make a decision that followed a generally recommended            strategy (e.g., the primary player did not make a decision            in blackjack that followed basic strategy); (d) did not make            a decision that followed a strategy of interest to the            secondary player; and so on. For example, a secondary player            may search for a game of blackjack in which the primary            player has a point total of 13 with no aces, in which the            dealer shows a 3 up-card, and in which the primary player            chose to stand. The secondary player may choose to search            for such games because, under various rules, the basic            strategy recommendation would be to hit. Thus the secondary            player will have searched for a game in which the primary            player has not made the correct decision according to the            recommendations of basic strategy.        -   3.5.2. There is a certain starting hand. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may search for a game of a            primary player in which there was a particular starting hand            or in which there was a particular category of starting            hand. For example, a secondary player may search for a game            of a primary player which was a game of video poker and            which included an initial hand with exactly four hearts in            it. A secondary player may search for a video poker game in            which the primary player has an initial hand with a pair of            jacks. A secondary player may search for a video poker game            in which the primary player has an initial hand which            includes the ace of spades, king of spades, queen of spades,            jack of spades, and the four of hearts. A secondary player            may search for a game of blackjack in which the primary            player had a particular point total, such as 11. A secondary            player may search for a game of blackjack in which the            primary player had a first point total or a first            combination of cards, and in which the dealer showed a            second card. For example, the primary player had a point            total of 14 and the dealer showed a 4. A secondary player            may search for a game of blackjack in which the primary            player had already hit twice and still had a point total of            less than 14. In various embodiments, a secondary player may            search for a game in which one or more symbols occurred at a            slot machine. In replaying the game, the secondary player            may have the opportunity to obtain additional symbols where            such symbols differ from the ones obtained by the primary            player in the same game.        -   3.5.3. A primary player had a near miss. In various            embodiments, the secondary player may search for games in            which the primary player had a near miss. The secondary            player may search for games in which: (a) an outcome            obtained by the primary player differed by X or fewer            symbols from a high-paying outcome (e.g., there was only one            symbol different between the outcome achieved by the primary            player and a jackpot outcome); (b) a primary player had four            cards to a royal flush in video poker but did not obtain the            fifth card; (c) an outcome obtained by a primary player            differed by one symbol from a jackpot outcome, and the            symbol necessary for the jackpot outcome was just one            position removed on a reel from the pay-line; and so on. A            secondary player may keep the symbols of an outcome from a            game of a primary player that would contribute to a            high-paying outcome, and may have any additional symbols            regenerated in an attempt to obtain all the symbols            necessary for obtaining the high-paying outcome.    -   3.6. Adjust the odds of a game based on what situation the        secondary player is starting from. In various embodiments, a        secondary player who begins play from the middle of a game, or        who begins play in a game after finding out any information        about a possible final outcome of the game, may have different        probabilities of achieving a given final outcome from what any        player would have had at the start of a game. For example, if a        secondary player starts a game of video poker at the midpoint        after an initial hand with four cards to the royal flush has        been dealt, the secondary player will have a greater chance of        achieving the royal flush than if the secondary player were        starting the game from the beginning. As described herein, a        house advantage may be derived from the products of payout        ratios and probabilities corresponding to outcomes. Thus, in        some embodiments, if the probabilities of paying outcomes go up,        then the payout ratios associated with such outcomes must go        down in order to maintain a constant house advantage, or in        order to maintain any house advantage at all. Thus, in some        embodiments, the payout ratios associated with an outcome may        change when a secondary player begins a game after some        information has been revealed in the game. For example, a payout        ratio for a royal flush may be 500 for a game of video poker in        which a player starts from the beginning. However, if a player        starts the game with an initial hand that contains the ace of        spades, king of spades, queen of spades, jack of spades, and 3        of hearts, then the payout ratio for the royal flush may be set        to 25 rather than 500. In various embodiments, payout ratios for        outcomes may be adjusted for a game started in the middle so        that the house advantage for the game started in the middle is        the same (or nearly the same) as for the same game started from        the beginning. For example, suppose the house edge on a game of        video poker is 2% with perfect play. If a secondary player is        allowed to start in the middle of a game (e.g., after an initial        hand of poker is dealt), then payout ratios for one or more        outcomes may be adjusted so that the house advantage over the        secondary player is still approximately 2% (e.g., between 1% and        3%). As will be appreciated, the payout ratio for a game may be        adjusted in several ways, any of which are contemplated in        various embodiments. In various embodiments, a payout ratio may        be changed by changing a required bet from a secondary player        while maintaining constant payouts on outcomes. In various        embodiments, a payout ratio may be changed by changing the        payouts for one or more outcomes while maintaining the same        required bet amount. In various embodiments, a payout ratio may        be changed by changing both the payouts for one or more        outcomes, and the amount of a required bet.        -   3.6.1. Odds adjustments in a game of Hold'em. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may wish to participate in a            game that involves multiple primary players. The secondary            player may wish to take the place of a first primary player            in the game and to make one or more decisions in the game            going forward from a particular point. However,            probabilities for possible outcomes of a multi-player game            may not be readily quantifiable since the outcomes may            depend on the actions of human beings, each with their own            independent wills. As such, it may be difficult for the            casino to set a payout ratio for a secondary player who is            joining in the middle of a multi-player game. Further, the            secondary player will not necessarily be interacting with            the other primary players in the game (e.g., the primary            players in the game other than the primary player whose            place the secondary player has taken), since the game may            have been played in the past, or since the primary player            whose place the secondary player will be filling may still            be in the real game. Thus, the secondary player may complete            the remainder of the game against computer algorithms which            fill in for other primary players. The secondary player may            complete the remainder of the game against other secondary            players who fill in for other primary players.            -   3.6.1.1. Assume all players will stay in and then                decide? In some embodiments, a probability that a                secondary player wins a game may be derived or estimated                based on an assumption that all other players in a game                (e.g., all algorithms filling in for primary players;                e.g., all secondary players filling in for primary                players) remain in the game. In other words, there may                be an assumption that no player folds after the point at                which the secondary player has joined the game. Based on                an assumption that no further player will fold in a                game, the probability that a secondary player will win                can be derived in a straightforward fashion. In one                embodiment, all possible combinations of additional                cards to be dealt can be tested. For example, in a game                of Texas Hold'em in which the flop has been dealt                already, all possible combinations of turn and river                cards may be tested. The proportion of the combinations                that lead to a win for the secondary player may then be                used to determine the probability that the secondary                player will win. In some embodiments, a large number of                deals of additional cards in the game may be simulated                in order to determine the proportion of such simulations                which the secondary player wins. Such a proportion may                be used to estimate the probability that the secondary                player will win. It will be appreciated that a                probability that the secondary player will tie may be                determined in a similar fashion to the way a probability                of winning may be determined. For example, all possible                combinations of additional cards to be dealt may be                tested, and the proportion of such combinations which                lead to a tie may be used to estimate the probability                that the secondary player will tie.            -   3.6.1.2. Do a simulation with good AI players? In some                embodiments, a probability that a secondary player will                win in a multi-player game may be determined using a                simulation in which computer algorithms fill in for each                of the primary players in the original game. For                example, 1000 simulated games may be run using computer                algorithms filling in for each of the primary players.                The proportion of the time that the computer algorithm                wins while filling in at the position desired to be                played by the secondary player may be used to determine                the probability that the secondary player will win. In                some embodiments, the average amount won or lost by the                computer algorithm filling in at the position desired to                be played by the secondary player may be used to                estimate an expected amount that will be won or lost by                the secondary player in the game. In various                embodiments, once a probability that a secondary player                will win and/or tie in a game is determined, a payout                ratio for the game may be determined. In various                embodiments, once an expected amount that a secondary                player will win or lose is determined, a required bet                amount for the secondary player may be determined. A                payout ratio or required bet amount may be determined                for any manner in which a secondary player completes a                game from the point or juncture at which the secondary                player joins. For example, a payout ratio or required                bet amount may be determined whether a secondary player                completes a game against other secondary players,                whether a secondary player completes a game against                computer algorithms, or whether the secondary player                completes a game against any combination of the two.    -   3.7. If a secondary player does diverge in time, then there may        be some catch-up, or the secondary player may skip to the        current outcome. For example, the secondary player may be busy        on a bonus round while the primary player goes off playing more        games. In various embodiments, a secondary player may complete a        game in a different manner from the way in which a primary        player completes the game. For example, a secondary player may        be participating in real time in a game of a primary player. At        some point in the game, the primary player may make a first        decision and the secondary player may make a second decision. As        a result of the different decisions, or for any other reason,        the game of the secondary player may last longer than does the        game of the primary player. For example, in a game of blackjack,        a decision to “hit” by a primary player may lead to the primary        player busting, and thereby to an immediate end to the game of        the primary player. On the other hand, a decision to “stand” by        the secondary player may cause the dealer in the game of the        secondary player to make one or more decisions, thereby        prolonging the game of the secondary player. If the game of a        secondary player lasts longer than the game of a primary player        in whose games the secondary player has been participating, then        the primary player may on occasion begin a new game before the        secondary player has completed an old game.        -   3.7.1. The secondary player sits out the next game and joins            a future game. In some embodiments, if a primary player            begins a new game before a secondary player has completed a            prior game he started with the primary player, then the            secondary player may sit out the new game. The secondary            player may sit out any number of new games until the old            game of the secondary player has finished. The secondary            player may then join in the next game to be started by the            primary player.        -   3.7.2. The secondary player gets involved in two games            simultaneously. In some embodiments, even if a secondary            player has not completed a prior game, the secondary player            may still participate in a new game of a primary player. For            example, the secondary player may follow the progress of his            old and new games using a split-screen view on his terminal.            As will be appreciated, the secondary player may be involved            in more than one old game even as a new game is started. The            secondary player may potentially view the progress of one or            more old games along with the new game.        -   3.7.3. The old game is finished quickly. In various            embodiments, once when a primary player finishes a first            game and/or begins a second game, the older game of the            secondary player (e.g., the offshoot from the first game of            the primary player) may be sped up. For example, the casino            may cause outcomes to be generated or displayed more rapidly            or instantaneously. For example, rather than showing            renditions of cards being dealt, the house may show cards            appearing instantly in the hand of the secondary player. In            various embodiments, the house may make decisions for the            secondary player automatically. For example, the house may            make decisions for the secondary player according to one or            more strategies, such as according to optimal strategy or            according to basic strategy.        -   3.7.4. The games of the primary player are stored and the            secondary player can participate in the games later on. In            various embodiments, a secondary player who is still            involved in an older game may not immediately participate in            a new game of a primary player. However, data about the new            game may be stored by the casino. The secondary player may            then, at a later time, choose to participate in the game.            The casino may store a record of which games of the primary            player the secondary player missed and may then give the            secondary player the option of participating in such games.        -   3.7.5. The secondary player gets the EV of a game. In            various embodiments, a secondary player may not complete a            game in the standard fashion, but may rather receive a            settlement payment. The settlement payment may be based on            an average amount that the secondary player might have            expected to win had he completed the game. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may be involved in a bonus            round (e.g., the bonus round of a slot machine game). The            secondary player, rather than playing out the bonus round,            may receive a settlement amount for the bonus round. The            secondary player may thereby save the time of playing            through the entire bonus round, and may therefore be able to            participate in a new game that the primary player would            otherwise have started without the secondary player's            participation.    -   3.8. The secondary player may bet different pay-lines. In        various embodiments, a secondary player may choose to bet on        different pay-lines from those on which the primary player bet        or bets. For example, the primary player may bet a first        pay-line and a second pay-line at a slot machine while a        secondary player bets only the first pay-line. For example, a        primary player may bet a first pay-line at a slot machine while        a secondary player bets a first pay-line and a second pay-line.        For example, a primary player may bet a first and second        pay-line while a secondary player bets a second and third        pay-line. For example, a primary player may bet a first pay-line        while a secondary player bets a second pay-line at a slot        machine.    -   3.9. The secondary player may bet different amounts than did the        primary player. For example, the secondary player may bet the        full three coins rather than just one. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may bet a different amount than does a primary        player. For example, in a game of poker, such as in a        multiplayer game of Texas Hold'em, a secondary player may decide        he would rather raise by $20 instead of the $10 raise made by a        primary player. Accordingly, the secondary player may play out        the remainder of the game, taking the position of the primary        player, and playing against computer algorithms taking the place        of other primary players. In various embodiments, a primary        player may bet a first amount at the start of the game, while        the secondary player may bet a second amount on the same game.

Embodiments described herein, where applicable may be performed based ongames played electronically as well as based on games played usingphysical tokens, devices, instruments, tables, etc. In variousembodiments, a primary player may play a game using physical tokens(e.g., physical cards and chips), while a secondary player mayparticipate in the game and view an electronic version of the game. Insome embodiments, a primary player may play an electronic version of agame and a secondary player may participate in the game via anelectronic version of the game. In some embodiments, primary player mayplay a physical version of a game and a secondary player may participatein the game using physical tokens. For example, when a secondary playermakes a decision in a game that is different from the decision made bythe primary player, the a deck of cards used in the primary player'sgame may be duplicated by taking another physical deck of cards andputting the cards in the same order as are the cards in the deck used inthe game of the primary player.

-   4. Aggregate and display all data from across the casino. Allow    people to make bets accordingly. For example, show all the reds and    the blacks across all the roulette games. This might then influence    how people bet in the future on red and black. Cumulative wins and    losses in blackjack can be displayed. For instance, players have won    500 hands and lost 510. In various embodiments, data about two or    more games at a casino may be gathered. The data about two or more    games may be combined or aggregated. In some embodiments, a single    statistic may be used to describe data about two or more games. In    some embodiments, more than one statistic may be used to describe    data about two or more games. In some embodiments, statistics used    to describe data about two or more games may represent a compression    or condensation of the data. Statistics may represent a way to allow    a human being, such as a secondary player, to gain an understanding    about large amounts of data about games. Exemplary statistics may    indicate an average amount won in a set of games, a prevalence of a    particular outcome in a set of games, an excess occurrence of a    first outcome over a second outcome in a set of games, and so on.    Statistics may be presented to players. For example, a prominent    display screen at a casino may indicate the total number of    occurrences of “red” in roulette in the entire casino during the    last 10 minutes. Data about games may be presented to a player in    many different forms. Data may also be presented to a casino    representative, such as a casino employee. Data may also be    presented to a regulator, such as a gaming regulator. Data may be    presented in graphical form. For example, a bar graph may show the    number of “red” outcomes, the number of “black” outcomes and the    number of “green” outcomes in roulette as three separate bars on a    graph. Data may be presented in the form of highlights or fast    action replays. For example, video footage of outcomes may be shown    sped up to 10 times the original speed. Data about games may aid    players in deciding which bets to make in the future. For example, a    player may believe that a “red” outcome is likely to follow a long    string of “black” outcomes. Accordingly, the player may be    interested in viewing data or summary statistics about games of    roulette.    -   4.1. Types of data. In various embodiments, many types of data        may be gathered, generated, recorded, displayed, presented        and/or stored. Data about different games may be gathered. Data        about different players may be gathered. Data about gaming        devices may be gathered. Data about casinos may be gathered.        -   4.1.1. Number of times primary players have won/lost. For an            individual game, win, loss, or tie data may be gathered. A            game may be considered a win for a primary player if the            primary player receives any positive payout and/or if the            primary player receives a payout that is greater than the            amount he bet on the game. A game may be considered a win if            a primary player receives more than an average amount that            would typically be paid in a game. Other criteria may be            used in considering whether a game is a win or not. For            example, if the particular rules of a game indicate that a            primary player is a winner, the game may be considered a win            for the primary player. For example, in a game of blackjack,            a primary player may be considered the winner if the point            total of his hand is 21 or less, and if the dealer has            busted or has a point total less than that of the primary            player. A game may be considered a tie if a primary player            receives a payout that is equal to the amount he bet on the            game. A game may be considered a tie if a primary player            neither wins nor loses money in a game. A game may be            considered a tie if the rules of the game indicate that the            game is a tie. A game may be considered a loss if a primary            player receives no payout for the game. A game may be            considered a loss if a primary player receives a payout that            is less than the amount he bet on the game. A game may be            considered a loss if a primary player receives less than an            average amount that is typically paid in a game. A game may            be considered a loss if it is not considered a win or a tie.            -   In some embodiments, each pay line within a game may be                considered separately. For example, a primary player may                bet 1 coin and win 3 coins on a first pay line. The                primary player may bet 1 coin and win 0 coins on a                second pay line. In this example, the results of the bet                on the first pay line may be considered a winning game,                while the results of the bet on the second pay line may                be considered a losing game. Thus, in some embodiments,                the placing of a bet, the generation of an outcome, and                the collecting of winnings for a given pay line may be                considered a complete and separate game, even if                multiple pay lines were enabled for a given spin of a                slot machine. In some embodiments, each hand of video                poker played may be considered a separate game. For                example, if a primary player plays 3 hands of video                poker at a time, the three hands of video poker may be                considered separate games. In some embodiments, even if                3 hands of video poker each include the same starting                hand (e.g., the initial five cards are the same for each                hand), the hands may still be considered to be separate                games. In some embodiments, each bet made is considered                to define a separate game. For example, a bet on a first                pay-line of a slot machine may define a different game                from a bet on a second pay-line for the slot machine. In                some embodiments, two bets are considered to constitute                separate games if the payouts from the bets are not                perfectly correlated. For example, if the payout                stemming from a second bet cannot be determined with                certainty even knowing the payout stemming from a first                bet, then the two bets may be considered to define                separate games. In some embodiments, two bets made at a                craps table may be considered to define separate games                even if payouts for both bets are dependent on the same                roll or rolls of the dice. For example, a pass bet may                be considered to define a different game from a hard way                bet.            -   Win, loss, and tie data may be aggregated over two or                more games. The aggregated data may be stored and/or                presented as a statistic, as a graph, or in any other                fashion. In some embodiments, a statistic may indicate                the number of games won by one or more primary players                over the last X games (e.g., over the last 100 games).                In some embodiments a statistic may indicate the number                of games lost by one or more primary players over the                last X games (e.g., over the last 100 games). In some                embodiments, a statistic may indicate the number of                games tied. In some embodiments, a statistic may                indicate the difference between the number of games won                and the number of game lost by one or more players over                the last X games. For example, a value of a statistic at                −7 may indicate that over the last 100 games, a set of                primary players has lost seven more games than they have                won. As will be appreciated, data may be aggregated over                any number of games, such as the last 100, the last                1000, all the games of the day, all the games of a year,                etc. As used herein, the term “last” need not                necessarily reference the present time. For example, a                statistic that describes the number of primary player                wins over the “last” 100 games may describe the number                of primary player wins out of 100 games leading up to                some point in the past. Thus, the term “last” may be                used with reference to the point in the past. The point                in the past may be, for example, the time during which a                statistic was created. In various embodiments, data may                be aggregated for a single primary player. For example,                a statistic may indicate the number of games won by a                particular primary player during the past three days. In                some embodiments, data may be aggregated over multiple                primary players. For example, a statistic may indicate                the number of games won in the last hour by all primary                players at a particular blackjack table. In various                embodiments, data may be aggregated for games meeting                one or more criteria. For example, win/loss/tie data may                be aggregated for games meeting one or more criteria.                Such criteria may include: (a) the games were played                during a particular period of time; (b) the games were                played most recently; (c) the games were played by a                particular primary player; (d) the games were played by                one of a set of primary players; (e) the games were                played by any primary player having a particular                characteristic (e.g., the games were played by any                primary player who is a small business owner); (f) the                games were played at a particular gaming device; (g) the                games were played in a particular area of a casino; (h)                the games were played in a particular casino; (i) the                games were of a particular type (e.g., slot machine;                e.g., video poker; e.g., Addam's Family slot                machine); (j) the games had a certain minimum bet                required (e.g., the games required a $1 minimum                bet); (k) the games each had a bet of a particular                amount placed on them (e.g., the games all had bets of                $0.25 placed on them); and so on.        -   4.1.2. Amounts of money won/lost. For an individual game,            data may be gathered for the amount of money won or lost by            a player. For an individual game, data may be gathered for            the amount of money won or lost by the house. For example,            in a game with multiple primary players against the house,            the winnings of a given player are not necessarily the            inverse of the winnings for the house. Data may be gathered            in relation to gross winnings. In other words, data may be            gathered for winnings without regard to any amounts paid by            the player, e.g., in the form of a bet. For example, if a            primary player inserts $1 into a slot machine as a bet and            receives a payout of $5, the primary player has gross            winnings of $5. Data may be gathered in relation to net            winnings. In other words, data may be gathered for winnings            after accounting for amounts paid by the primary player. In            the prior example, after having bet $1 and receiving a            payout of $5, the primary player may have net winnings of            $4. In a similar fashion, data may be gathered for gross and            net winnings of a casino. Data related to winnings and            losses may be aggregated over multiple games. A statistic            may describe the gross winnings of one or more primary            players over multiple games. For example, a statistic may            take the value of $83, indicating that a primary player has            received payouts totaling $83 during the last 100 games. A            statistic may describe the net winnings of one or more            primary players over multiple games. For example, a            statistic may take the value of −$17, indicating that a            primary player has paid $17 more in bets than he has            received in winnings over the last 100 games. A statistic            may describe the winnings and losses of multiple primary            players. For example, a statistic may take the value of $25,            indicating that a group of 20 primary players who have            played blackjack have average net winnings of $25 over the            last hour. In some embodiments, data about winnings and            losses may be displayed graphically. For example, the size            of a primary player's bankroll may be graphed over time. As            the primary player wins, the graph may move upwards. As the            primary player loses, the graph may move downwards. The            primary player's bankroll may start at an arbitrary value,            such as zero, or at a value equal to the amount for which            the primary player has bought in to a game.        -   4.1.3. Number of hands/games played. In some embodiments,            data may be gathered describing the number of games played.            For each game played, a statistic may be incremented. The            statistic may be a simple counter of the number of games            played. In some embodiments, a statistic may keep track of            the number of games played over a particular period of time.            Thus, for every game played, an associated time may be            stored, e.g., in a database of the casino server. Once a            game has been played more than X hours in the past, the            statistic may be decremented by one to reflect that the game            was no longer played in the last X hours, which are the            hours covered by the statistic. Data about the number of            games played may be aggregated over multiple players. For            example, a statistic may describe the number of games played            by all roulette players in a casino over the last 20            minutes. In some embodiments, data about the number of hands            played may be kept. In some embodiments, data about the            number of pay-lines may be kept. In some embodiments, data            about the number of outcomes generated or received may be            kept. For example, a statistic may track the number of            outcomes generated for a player at a slot machine, with each            pay-line enabled counting as a separate outcome.        -   4.1.4. Number of a particular outcome obtained. For example,            number of jackpots, number of payouts over X, etc, number of            cherry-cherry-cherry outcomes, etc. For an individual game,            outcome data may be recorded. Outcome data may include data            describing what symbols were generated for a game. Outcome            data may include data describing what symbols were used in            determining a payout for a player. An outcome may include a            set of symbols, such as “cherry-cherry-cherry” or            “bar-bell-lemon”. Outcome data may include a payout amount.            For example, a payout of $1 may be an outcome. Outcome data            may include a point total. For example, in a game of            blackjack, an outcome may be that the player received 21            points. Outcome data may include a point total for a dealer            and/or for an opposing primary player. In a game of            blackjack, outcome data may include data describing the            point total of the dealer. In a game of poker, outcome data            may include data describing the hands of other primary            players against whom a primary player of interest is            competing. Outcome data may further include data describing            one or more common symbols. For example, in a game of Texas            Hold'em, outcome data may include data about what cards were            dealt on the flop, turn and/or the river. Outcome data may            include the results of rolls of the dice. For example,            outcome data may describe the numerical total of rolls of            the dice in a game of craps. In a game of roulette, outcome            data may include data describing the number that came up            when the wheel was spun. In various embodiments, outcome            data may be aggregated over a plurality of games. The games            may include the games of one or more primary players. In            some embodiments, a statistic may describe the number of            times a particular outcome has occurred. For example, a            statistic may describe the number of times the outcome            “cherry-cherry-cherry” has occurred. For example, a            statistic may describe the number of times “black” has            occurred at a roulette wheel. A statistic may also describe            the number of times an outcome has occurred per unit time or            per game. For example, a statistic may take the value of 48,            indicating that a roulette wheel has generated a “red”            outcome 48 times in the last 100 spins. In some embodiments,            a statistic may express the occurrence of an outcome per            spin in terms of a percentage. For example, a statistic may            indicate that an outcome of “flush” or better has occurred            in 4% of the last 1000 games in a game of video poker. In            various embodiments, data about outcomes may be aggregated            over multiple primary players. For example, a statistic may            describe that a group of primary players has obtained 100            blackjacks during the last hour, or out of the last 2000            hands played by primary players in the group. In various            embodiments, data about outcomes may be aggregated over            multiple tables, gaming devices, or other outcome            generators. For example, a statistic may indicate that, at a            group of gaming devices, 3 jackpot outcomes have occurred in            the last month. For example, regarding a group of 5 roulette            tables in a casino, a statistic may indicate that the number            12 has come up 5 times in the last hour. In various            embodiments, a statistic may indicate a comparison between            the number of occurrences of a first outcome and the number            of occurrences of a second outcome. For example, a statistic            may indicate a difference in the number of occurrences of            straights versus flushes in a game of video poker over a            given period of time. For instance, a value of a statistic            of 10 may indicate that 10 more straights than flushes have            occurred in the past hour at a group of video poker            machines.        -   4.1.5. Number of a particular symbol obtained. For an            individual game, data may be obtained regarding what symbols            occurred during the game. For example data may be obtained            that an ace of spades, jack of hearts, king of diamonds,            queen of clubs, and seven of hearts was obtained as an            initial hand in a game of video poker. For example, data may            be obtained that a “cherry” symbol was obtained in a reel            slot machine game. In various embodiments, such data may be            aggregated, such as over multiple games, over multiple            primary players, and/or over multiple gaming devices. For            example, a statistic may describe the number of times an ace            of spades has been dealt at a video poker machine in the            past hour. For example, a statistic may describe the number            of times any player from California in a casino has obtained            a red card in any game of cards in the past 20 minutes. For            example, a statistic may describe the number of times a bell            symbol has been generated at any slot machine in a bank of            slot machines in the last day. For example, a statistic may            describe the number of times a six has been rolled in a game            of craps. In various embodiments, a statistic may indicate a            comparison between the number of times a first symbol has            occurred and the number of times a second symbol has            occurred. For example, a statistic may indicate that a            “lemon” symbol has occurred X more times than has a “plum”            symbol in a given period of time. In various embodiments,            positional data may be obtained. Positional data may include            data describing the position of a symbol within an outcome,            within a display area, or within any other area. In various            embodiments, positional data may include data about whether            a symbol was the leftmost symbol in an outcome, the middle            symbol in an outcome, or the rightmost symbol in an outcome,            e.g., as displayed in the viewing window of a gaming device.            For example, in the outcome “lemon-bell-bar”, the “lemon”            symbol may be considered to be in the first position, the            “bell” symbol in the second position, and the “bar” symbol            in the third position. In various embodiments, data about a            symbol may be recorded even if the symbol does not form part            of an outcome. For example, data about a symbol may be            recorded even if the symbol does not contribute to the            determination of a payout for a player. For example, a            viewing window of a slot machine may show a grid of 3 by 5            symbols, whereby each of 5 reels has 3 symbols visible. The            player of the slot machine may have enabled only one            pay-line so that only the symbol visible in the middle of            each reel is applicable to the payout determined for the            player. Nevertheless, data indicative of the other symbols            may still be recorded. For example, the fact that a “dog”            symbol was visible at the top of the first reel may be            recorded even if the “dog” symbol did not contribute to the            payout determined for the primary player. In various            embodiments, data about symbols that were not visible may            also be obtained and/or recorded. For example, data about            symbols that occurred one position above a viewing window on            a reel may be recorded. Such symbols may not have been            visible to a primary player at the conclusion of a game.            However, such symbols may still have been present on a reel,            e.g., in the form of a printed graphic or in the form of            data in the memory of a gaming device describing the            composition of a virtual or electronic reel. For example, a            gaming device may maintain a data structure describing all            the symbols on a reel, even if there is no physical            embodiment of the reel. Thus, although not all of the            symbols on the reel are displayed at one time (e.g., on the            display screen of the gaming device), the positions of all            symbols relative to the displays screen (e.g., the viewing            window) of the gaming device may be known to the gaming            device. In various embodiments, data about positional            information may be aggregated. Data may be aggregated, for            example, over multiple games, over multiple primary players,            over multiple gaming devices, over multiple locations, over            multiple time periods, and so on. For example, a statistic            may indicate the number of times that a cherry symbol has            occurred in the second position of an outcome at a            particular gaming device in the last hour. For example, a            statistic may indicate the number of times that the third            card in an initial hand of video poker has been a jack for a            group of primary players in the last hour. In various            embodiments, a statistic may indicate the number of times            that a “Yosemite Sam” symbol has occurred in the upper right            hand corner of a viewing window of a gaming device in the            last hour. In various embodiments, data about a            chronological order in which symbols occur may be obtained            and/or stored. In a game of cards, data about which card was            dealt first, which card was dealt second, and so on, may be            kept. A statistic may describe the number of times a            particular symbol appeared in a particular chronological            order. For example, a statistic may describe the number of            times that an ace was the tenth card dealt in a table game            of blackjack over the last two hours.        -   4.1.6. Data about the ordering of a deck, order of symbols            on a reel. In various embodiments, data may be obtained            about the order of cards in a deck. For each card in a deck,            a position may be recorded. For example, a position of the            two of clubs may be recorded as “10”, indicating that the            tenth card from the top of a deck was the two of clubs. Data            about the position of a card in a deck may be obtained or            stored even if such card never appeared in a game. For            example, regarding a game of video poker, the rank and suit            of the card at the bottom of the deck may be recorded, even            though the card may have no chance of being dealt in the            game of video poker. In various embodiments, data may be            obtained or recorded about the order of symbols on a reel of            a gaming device. For example, from an arbitrary location on            a reel, each symbol on the reel may be attributed to a            different position. For example, a “lemon” symbol is in the            first position. An adjacent “cherry” symbol is in the second            position. An adjacent “plum” symbol is in the third            position, and so on. In various embodiments, data about the            order of symbols may be aggregated. For example, a statistic            may indicate the number of times that the jack of hearts has            been in the fifth position of a deck of cards in that last            200 game of video poker.        -   4.1.7. Top performing players. E.g., players who have won            the most in the last 100 outcomes, the last hour, etc. For            an individual game, data about a primary player's            performance may be gathered. Data about performance may            include data indicating a gross amount won, a net amount            won, an outcome obtained, a strategy used, and so on. Data            about performance may be aggregated over multiple games,            over multiple players, over multiple gaming devices, and so            on. In some embodiments, a numerical score may be assigned            to the strategy used by a primary player in a game. For            example, a primary player who uses an optimal or a            recommended strategy may receive a high score. A primary            player who uses a strategy that is not recommended or not            optimal may receive a lower score. For example, in a game of            video poker, a primary player may receive an integer score            from 1 to 32, each score corresponding to a possible            strategy that could be used by the primary player in the            game of video poker. It should be noted that in a game of            video poker where primary players can discard any            combination of cards from an initial five-card hand, there            are two to the fifth power, or 32 possible ways in which the            primary player may choose cards to discard. Thus, each way            in which the primary player may select discards may be            considered a separate strategy, and may therefore correspond            to a different score. The strategies may be ranked according            to which provide the highest expected winnings for the            player. The strategy which provides the highest expected            winnings may correspond to a score of 32. The strategy which            provides the next highest expected winnings may correspond            to a score of 31, and so on. As will be appreciated, scores            need not be integers or any other particular numbers. In            various embodiments, data about the strategies used by a            player over multiple games may be aggregated. In various            embodiments, scores assigned to a player based on his choice            of strategy in a game may be aggregated. For example, the            scores obtained by a primary player during individual games            may be added up to describe an aggregate score over multiple            games. In some embodiments, scores obtained by a primary            player during individual games may be averaged. As will be            appreciated, in various embodiments, low scores might            correspond to good strategies while high scores might            correspond to poor strategies. In various embodiments, a            data may be recorded about a primary player's choice of            strategy during a game of blackjack. Such a primary player            may be given a relatively high score, for example, if he            follows the recommendations of basic strategy, and            relatively low score, for example, if he does not.            -   Data about other performance metrics may be aggregated,                in various embodiments. In various embodiments, data                about amounts won may be aggregated over multiple games.                A statistic may indicate the total amount won by a                primary player, for example. A statistic may indicate                the total number of times a primary player has won.            -   In various embodiments, data about the performance of                multiple primary players may be aggregated. A statistic                may indicate which primary player or players has had a                distinguishing performance from among a group of primary                players. For example, a statistic may indicate which                primary player from a group of primary player has had                the best performance, according to some metric. For                example, a statistic may indicate which primary player                has had the highest gross winnings over the last hour,                or which primary player has used the best strategy over                the last hour. In various embodiments, the top X primary                players may be listed according to some performance                metric. In some embodiments, the bottom Y primary                players may be listed according to some performance                metric.            -   In various embodiments, the top performing primary                player may be periodically determined. The top                performing primary player may be determined using any                metric, such as gross winnings, net winnings, best                strategy, or any other metric or combination of metrics.                The top performing primary player may be determined, for                example, every minute, every ten minutes, every hour,                etc. In various embodiments, the top performing primary                player may be determined after each game played by any                primary player. For example, after a primary player                completes a game, the casino server may determine                whether that primary player has just accumulated enough                gross winnings to become the top performing primary                player. In various embodiments, the top performing                primary player is determined at irregular intervals. For                example, a first top performing primary player may be                determined. Five minutes later, a second top performing                primary player may be determined. Nine minutes later, a                third top performing primary player may be determined.                It will be appreciated that as primary players continue                to gamble, their relative performance may change, and                thus a primary player who used to be an average                performing primary player may become the top performing                primary player. For example, a primary player may win a                large jackpot and thereby become the top performing                primary player.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in the games of the current top performing                player. A secondary player may be continuously or                periodically informed of who is the top performing                primary player. For example, a name or other identifier                of the top performing primary player may be displayed on                the display screen of the secondary player's terminal or                mobile gaming device. The name of the primary player may                remain displayed on the display screen of the secondary                player until a new top performing primary player is                determined. The secondary player may elect or decide to                participate in the games only of the current top                performing primary player. In various embodiments, the                secondary player may elect to automatically participate                in the games of the current top performing primary                player. For example, the secondary player may make a                bet. It will then be understood by the casino server                that the bet is to be applied to a game of the currently                top performing primary player. Thus, for example, if the                currently top performing primary player wins, the                secondary player may win as well. If the currently top                performing primary player loses, the secondary player                may lose as well. In various embodiments, the casino                server may make it easiest or most convenient for the                secondary player to participate in the games of the                currently top performing primary player. For example,                the casino server may allow the secondary player to                press only a single button in order to place a bet and                participate in the game of the currently top performing                primary player. The secondary player may be able to                participate in the games of other primary players as                well, but may be required to perform extra steps in                order to do so. Thus, in various embodiments,                participation in games of the top performing primary                player may be the default option for a secondary player.            -   In various embodiments, an identifier (e.g., a name;                e.g., a handle) of the top performing primary player who                is currently active may be displayed. The casino server                may allow a secondary player to readily participate in                the games of such a primary player, (e.g., by making                participation the default option for the secondary                player). A primary player who is currently active may                include a primary player who has recently played a game.                For example, a primary player who is active may include                a primary player who has played a game in the last 10                seconds, the last minute, or within the most recent                predetermined time interval. In various embodiments, a                primary player who is currently active may include a                primary player who has a credit balance in a gaming                device. In various embodiments, a primary player who is                currently active may include a primary player who has                been playing at a certain rate (e.g., at 30 or more                games per minute). It will be appreciated that the top                performing primary player who is currently active may                include vary from moment to moment. For example, a first                primary player may initiate a game and may thereby be                the top performing currently active primary player. That                primary player may then pause for a few moments after                his game. Another primary player may, in the meantime,                initiate play of a game. That other primary player may,                as it happens, then be the top performing currently                active player.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may place a                bet. The bet may then count for the first game to be                initiated from among a group of primary players. For                example, a secondary player may place a bet of $1. The                casino server may determine which are currently the top                five performing primary players. The bet of the                secondary player may count towards the game of the first                of the five primary players to initiate a game. In this                way, the secondary player may enjoy a fast paced gaming                experience. Rather that following the pace of a single                player, the secondary player may participate in the                first game to start from any of a group of players. The                group of primary players may be defined by other                characteristics than just performance. For example, a                group of primary players may include a five players from                Mississippi. The secondary player may make a bet which                counts towards the first game to be initiated by any of                the five primary players. After the first game has come                to a conclusion, the secondary player may place a second                bet. The second bet may again count towards the first                game to be initiated by one of the five primary players                from Mississippi following the placement of the second                bet. However, the second bet may count towards a game of                a primary player other than the primary player for whose                game the first bet counted.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in the games of the second highest                performing primary player. For example, the secondary                player may participate in the games of the primary                player who has won the second most amount of money in                the last hour. In various embodiments, a secondary                player may participate in the games of the third highest                performing primary player. It will be appreciated that a                secondary player may participate in games of a primary                player who falls anywhere in the rankings according to                some metric, such as winnings, etc. In various                embodiments, a secondary player may automatically                participate in a game of a primary player who is second                in the rankings (e.g., second in terms of net winnings).                For example, the secondary player may place a bet and                then participate in the game of whatever primary player                happens to be second in terms of gross amounts won in                the last ten minutes. As another example, the secondary                player may have a bet placed for him automatically                (e.g., by the casino server) for a game of a primary                player who is third among all primary players in terms                of consecutive games won.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in a game of a primary player who is the                best performer among a subset of all primary players.                The subset of primary players may include primary                players of a particular demographic, primary players                playing a certain type of game (e.g., video poker),                primary players located in a certain area of the casino                (e.g., on the first floor), primary player located in a                particular casino, primary players located in a                particular geographic region (e.g., in a particular                city; e.g., in a particular neighborhood), and so on.                The best performing primary player among the subset may                be identified and displayed to the secondary player. The                secondary player may automatically participate in the                games of such a primary player.            -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may                automatically participate in a game of a primary player                who is the top performing primary player among primary                players playing a particular game of interest. For                example, the secondary player may wish to participate in                a game of blackjack. Accordingly, the secondary player                may place a bet which automatically counts towards a                blackjack game of a primary player who uses the best                strategy (e.g., as compared to optimal basic strategy)                in blackjack. In various embodiments, a top performing                primary player who is playing a particular game may be                identified and/or displayed to the secondary player. The                secondary player may then decide whether to participate                in the game of the primary player. In various                embodiments, the secondary player may participate in the                games of a top performing primary player among primary                players playing a particular denomination of game. For                example, the secondary player may wish to participate in                games being played at dollar denomination gaming                devices. The secondary player may thus participate in                the top performing primary player of all primary players                at dollar denomination gaming devices.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in the games of a top performing primary                player not just of the present, but of times in the past                as well. For example, a secondary player may participate                in the games of a primary player who played the prior                day. The primary player may have had the best                performance during a one-hour period of any primary                player during the past week. Accordingly, the secondary                player may participate in the games of the primary                player. The secondary player may participate in the                games of the primary player which occurred subsequent to                the one hour of top performance. For example, the                secondary player may participate in the game played by                the primary player immediately after the one-hour period                in which the primary player recorded the best                performance of any primary player during the past week.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                participate in the games of a primary player who is                currently playing and who had the top performance during                some time in the past. For example, the secondary player                may participate in the games of a primary player who was                the best performing primary player over a day-long                period of any primary player within the past week. The                primary player may not necessarily be the best                performing player during the current day or during the                most recent day. Nevertheless, the secondary player may                participate in the current games of the primary player.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                automatically participate in the current games of                primary players who were the top performers during some                moving window of time in the past. For example, suppose                the current time is 4:00 pm. The secondary player may                participate in a game of the currently active primary                player who was the best performer the prior day in the                hour from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm. At 4:01 pm, the secondary                player may participate in a game of the currently active                primary player who was the best performer the prior day                in the hour from 3:01 pm to 4:01 pm, and so on.            -   In various embodiments, the secondary player may                participate in games of the worst performing primary                player. The secondary player may, for example, expect                that the luck of the worst performing primary player                will change. The secondary player may, for example, bet                against the worst performing primary player. In various                embodiments, a secondary player may automatically bet                against the currently worst performing primary player.                In various embodiments, the casino server may make it                easy for the secondary player to bet against the                currently worst performing primary player. For example,                the casino server may allow the secondary player to bet                against the currently worst performing primary player                with only a single button press.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may                automatically bet on a primary player who meets certain                criteria. The secondary player may bet without the                necessity of taking any action prior to the game. For                example, at the beginning of an hour, the secondary                player may indicate that he wishes to place one bet                every ten seconds for the next hour. The bet is to be                placed on a game of a primary player who is the top                performing primary player as of the time the bet is                placed. Thus, for the next hour, bets may be made for                the secondary player automatically without any further                input from the secondary player. As will be appreciated,                the secondary player may bet automatically on the best                performing player from a subset of players, on the                second best performing player, on the worst performing                player, against the worst performing player, and so on.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet on                best performing game, the best performing gaming device,                the best performing dealer, the best performing table,                the best performing sector of the casino, and so on. For                example, a secondary player may place a bet on the                gaming device that has paid the most in the last hour.                The secondary player may thus bet on different gaming                devices at different times. The secondary player may                automatically bet on the best performing gaming device.                For example, at the beginning of an hour, the secondary                player may indicate that he wishes his bets to be placed                automatically in games of the best performing gaming                devices. The secondary player may thus not be required                to make any further inputs for the next hour. As another                example, the casino server may make it especially easy                to place a bet on the best performing gaming device at                any given time. However, the secondary player may be                required to take some action, even a minimal action,                such as pressing a button.            -   In various embodiments, primary players meeting one or                more criteria may be listed. For example, the top ten                performing primary players may be listed. The primary                players may be listed, for example, on a prominent                display screen in a casino, or on a display screen of a                terminal used by a secondary player. A listing of a                primary player may reveal various information about the                primary player. For example, the listing may reveal the                first name of the primary player, the last name of the                primary player, the full name of the primary player, an                alias for the primary player, an amount won by the                primary player, and any other information about the                primary player.            -   In various embodiments, a primary player may indicate                how much information he is willing to reveal about                himself. Information that may be displayed or otherwise                revealed about a primary player may include: (a) a                name; (b) a first name; (c) a nickname; (d) a maiden                name; (e) a last name; (f) a middle name; (g) a full                name; (h) an initial; (i) an age; (j) a place of                residence; (k) a picture (e.g., a picture of the primary                player); (l) a performance metric of the primary player                (e.g., gross winnings; e.g., net winnings; e.g., number                of consecutive wins; e.g., largest amount won; e.g.,                current credit balance); (m) a handle that that the                primary player has chosen (e.g., “Topdog”; e.g.,                “Sportsnut”); (n) an alias for the primary player; (o) a                player tracking number; (p) a date of birth; (q) a                social security number; (r) a handle that the casino                server has generated for the primary player (e.g.,                “player 1032”); (s) a handle that the gaming device of                the primary player has generated for him (e.g., “slot                player 125”); (t) a gaming device identifier (e.g., an                identifier for the gaming device at which the primary                player is playing or has played); (u) an amount of                profits that the primary player has made; and any other                information.            -   In various embodiments, the primary player may indicate                information he is willing to reveal in various ways. For                example, the primary player may check off boxes next to                information he is willing to reveal.            -   In various embodiments, the primary player may fill out                a profile, such as a form with blank spots for receiving                information about the primary player. In various                embodiments, the primary player may inform a casino                representative about which information he is willing to                reveal.            -   Either before, during, or after a primary player                indicates information he is willing to reveal, the                casino may verify that the primary player truly wishes                to reveal such information. The casino may verify that                the primary player is competent to reveal such                information. In various embodiments, the casino may                verify that the primary player is of a certain minimum                age before presenting information about the primary                player to others (e.g., to secondary players). For                example, a representative of the casino may ask to see a                driver's license in order to verify the age of the                primary player. In various embodiments, the casino may                verify that the primary player is sober. For example,                the casino may give the primary player a sobriety test.                In various embodiments, the casino may reveal                information indicated by the primary player only if the                primary player is sober. In various embodiments, the                casino may reveal information indicated by the primary                player only if alcohol levels of the primary player fall                within certain limits (e.g., are less than a certain                level). In various embodiments, the casino may verify                that the primary player is not sick. For example, the                casino may have a doctor examine the primary players, or                may ask the primary player basic health questions. In                various embodiments, the casino may verify that the                primary player is in a sane or competent state of mind.                For example, the casino may administer a cognitive test                to the primary player. The casino may only present                information about the primary player if the primary                player passes the cognitive test, for example. In                various embodiments, the casino may use other criteria                for determining whether to present information that a                primary player has indicated he is willing to reveal. In                various embodiments, the casino may use various                criteria, such as those described above, to determine                whether or not to ask the primary player to reveal                information in the first place.            -   In various embodiments, once a primary player has                indicated which information he is willing to reveal, the                primary player may be asked to confirm one or more                times. For example, the primary player may be presented                with a list of information about himself that will be                revealed. The primary player may then be asked to press                a button, sign an area of a touch screen, apply a thumb                print, or to provide any other indication that he agrees                to reveal the information. In various embodiments, the                primary player may be presented with a display that                shows how his information will appear to others (e.g.,                when displayed on a public display screen; e.g., when                displayed on the terminal of a secondary player). The                primary player may be asked to confirm whether he really                would like his information displayed, and/or whether he                would like his information displayed in such a manner.                The primary player may then have the opportunity to                confirm or not.            -   In various embodiments, when a primary player gives                permission for information about himself to be revealed,                the permission may remain valid for a limited period of                time. For example, permission may remain valid for a                day. After the permission has expired, any information                for which the permission applies and which is currently                being displayed (e.g., on the terminal of a secondary                player) may be taken down. In various embodiments, there                may be a default period of validity for permission to                reveal information about a primary player. For example,                the default period may be 1 hour.            -   In various embodiments, a primary player may indicate                limitations on how his information will be revealed. For                example, the primary player may allow information to be                displayed on individual terminals or mobile gaming                devices, but not on more prominent public display                screens. The primary player may allow his information to                be displayed in certain areas of a casino but not in                others. For example, the primary player may only give                permission for his information to be revealed in                high-limit areas of the casino.            -   In various embodiments, the primary player may indicate                people to whom information may or may not be revealed.                For example, a primary player may only wish information                to be revealed to secondary players of a certain gender.                For example, a primary player may only wish information                to be revealed to people from a particular state. For                example, a primary player may wish that no person from                his home state be able to see certain information about                him.            -   In various embodiments, a primary player may be paid                based on the information he reveals. A primary player                may be paid for each piece of information he allows to                be revealed. A primary player may be paid based on the                length of time that he allows information about himself                to be presented. A primary player may be paid based on                the forum in which he allows information to be                presented. For example, the primary player may be paid                extra for allowing information to be displayed on a                prominent public display screen.            -   In various embodiments, a primary player may reveal                information gradually, and/or over time. For example, a                primary player may reveal a nickname. The primary player                may later decide to reveal his first name. Later, the                primary player may allow the revelation of his first and                last name. For example, as the primary player achieves                better performance, the primary player may take pride in                revealing his identity as a top performer. In various                embodiments, the primary player may be prompted to                reveal more information. For example, if a primary                player breaks into the top ten in terms of performance,                the casino may ask him whether he would like to reveal                more information. In various embodiments, the casino may                prompt the primary player to reveal performance metrics,                such as an amount won.        -   4.1.8. Top performing machines or dealers. E.g., the dealer            that is dealing the best hands for the player. For an            individual game, data about the performance of a gaming            device may be gathered. Performance data about a gaming            device may describe whether an outcome was a winning outcome            or a losing outcome, the amount paid for an outcome, the            amount paid for a game, the number of winning outcomes that            occurred during a game (e.g., the number of pay-lines that            included winning outcomes), whether or not a gaming device            was played, and so on. Performance data about individual            games at a gaming may be aggregated over multiple games at a            gaming device. A statistic may indicate a total amount paid            out by a gaming device over a period of time or over some            number of games. A statistic may indicate a gross amount of            winnings paid out or a net amount of winnings paid out over            a period of time or over some number of games. A statistic            may indicate how many games were played at a gaming device            over some period of time. A statistic may indicate a total            number of winning outcomes or a total proportion of winning            outcomes over some number of games or over some period of            time. In some embodiments, data about a player may be            recorded for an individual game. An aggregate statistic may            indicate the number of different players who have played a            gaming device over some period of time. A statistic may            indicate the average number of games played by a player at            the gaming device over some period of time. For example, in            the last day, the average number of games played by a player            at a gaming device may be 60. In various embodiments, data            about the performance of multiple gaming devices may be            aggregated. Top performing gaming devices may be listed. For            example, the 10 gaming devices which have paid the most in            the last hour may be listed. For example, the 10 gaming            devices which have paid the most as a multiple of the            average amounts bet may be listed. For example, the 10            gaming devices which have paid out the least in the last 3            hours may be listed. For example, all the gaming devices            which have made payouts of more than X amount in the last            hour may be listed.            -   In various embodiments, performance data about a game                with a particular dealer may be gathered. Performance                data may include data describing the payouts provided                for a game with the dealer, the net winnings for one or                more primary players in the game with the dealer, the                speed of the game with the dealer, the presence of                high-paying outcomes in the game of the dealer, the                amount of a tip or tips given to the dealer, and so on.                Performance data about a dealer may be aggregated over                multiple games. For example, a statistic may indicate                the average number of games dealt per unit time for the                dealer. A statistic may indicate the total payouts                received by primary players who have been in the games                of the dealer during the last hour. A statistic may                indicate the total amount of tips given to the dealer in                the last half hour.        -   4.1.9. Top performing sectors of a casino. E.g., the slot            machines in this bank have done the best. In various            embodiments, data about games which have occurred in a            sector or region of a casino may be aggregated. Data may be            aggregated for games played at a group of slot machines,            such as for a group of slot machines at a bank of slot            machines. Data may be aggregated for a set of gaming tables,            such as for a set of tables overseen by a single pit boss or            other casino employee. Data may be aggregated for a floor of            a casino or for a room of a casino. For example, data            related to the games played in a high-limit slot machine            room may be aggregated. In some embodiments, data may be            aggregated for slot machines of a given betting            denomination. For example, data may be aggregated for all            nickel slots. Data may be aggregated for all slot machines            with particular types of payouts. For example, data may be            aggregated for slot machines with progressive payouts. For            example, data may be aggregated for slot machines with top            payout ratios of 800 or more. In some embodiments, data may            be aggregated for slot machines of a particular type. For            example, data about games at mechanical slot machines may be            aggregated. For example, data about games at video slot            machines may be aggregated. Data may be aggregated for slot            machines which feature a particular game. For example, data            may be aggregated for all slot machines with a Scrabble™            theme. Thus, for example, the five video poker machines            which have paid the most in the last hour may be listed. The            five nickel slot machines which have provided primary            players with the highest winnings in the last hour may be            listed.        -   4.1.10. A list of current progressive amounts. In some            embodiments, data related to a current amount of a            progressive prize may be gathered. The size of one or more            progressive prizes at a given moment in time may be listed.            Progressive prizes may be listed in order of size. For            example, the Jumbo Bucko's progressive prize may be listed            as $50,149.75. The Super Gold Vein progressive prize may be            listed as $40,984.05, and so on.        -   4.1.11. Number of people at a casino or in particular areas            of a casino. In various embodiments, data about the number            of people at a casino or within a given area of a casino may            be gathered. Data may be gathered about: (a) the number of            people at a particular bank of slot machines; (b) the number            of people at a table game; (c) the number of people in a            restaurant; (d) the number of people on a particular floor            of the casino; (e) the number of people in the lobby of the            casino hotel; (f) the number of people at the casino            swimming pool; (g) the number of people in the room of the            high limit slot machines; (h) the number of people in the            poker room of the casino; (i) the number of people attending            a show; (j) the number of people at a boxing match at a            casino; and so on. In various embodiments, data may be            gathered in relation to the number of people with a certain            characteristic. For example, data may be gathered describing            the number of people from New Mexico, or the number of            people between the ages of 40 and 50 at a casino.        -   4.1.12. Slot machines that are most popular—e.g., most            heavily occupied. In various embodiments, data may be            gathered describing the use of a gaming device, such as a            slot machine or video poker machine. The number of games            played at a gaming device may be tracked. The number of            games played at a gaming device in a particular period of            time may be tracked. The amount wagered at a gaming device            may be tracked. Other items that may be tracked may            include: (a) the number of pay lines played; (b) the average            number of coins bet per pay-line; (c) the number of primary            players who play a gaming device in a particular period of            time; (d) the duration of a waiting period between when one            player gets up from a gaming device and when the next player            sits down; (e) the number of people in the vicinity of a            gaming device; and so on. In various embodiments, data about            the use or popularity of a gaming device may be aggregated            over multiple gaming devices. The aggregation may occur over            gaming devices that feature the same game; over gaming            devices that feature the same betting denomination; over            gaming devices from the same manufacturer; over gaming            devices with the same broad theme (e.g., over gaming devices            featuring any Monopoly® related game); over gaming devices            falling within the same broad category (e.g., over video            poker machines; e.g., over mechanical slot machines; e.g.,            over video slot machines; e.g., over video bingo machines);            over gaming devices in the same area of a casino; and so on.            In some embodiments, a statistic may describe the percentage            of time that a particular type of slot machine was occupied            during the last day. For example, a statistic may indicate            that video poker machines were occupied 40% of the time, on            average, over the last hour. In some embodiments, a            statistic may describe the average amount won at all dollar            denominated gaming devices in a casino in the last three            hours. In some embodiments, a statistic may describe the            average amount of money won by the casino per machine for            all machines based on the Wheel of Fortune® theme. In some            embodiments, a statistic may indicate the average amount of            time that elapsed between when one player got up and when            the next player sat down at a particular group of            progressive slot machines. In various embodiments,            information about slot machine utilization may be            transmitted to one or more financial markets for use in            evaluating the performance of a slot machine manufacturer.        -   4.1.13. All manners in which the player interacted with the            machine. In some embodiments, data may be gathered            describing how a primary player interacted with a gaming            device. Such data may provide insight into the mood of a            player. For example, a player who is slamming the button of            a gaming device may be frustrated or impatient.            -   4.1.13.1. He pressed the button hard. In various                embodiments, data may be gathered about how much                physical pressure a primary applied to a gaming device.                A primary player may apply pressure to a “spin” button,                to another button, to a handle, or to a touch screen,                for example. Pressure sensors or other sensors in the                gaming device may sense the pressure applied by a                player. Pressure may be detected as applied to any other                surface of a gaming device. For example, the pressure of                a drink or the pressure of a primary player leaning on                the surface of a gaming device may be detected with                pressure sensors. Sensors may detect strikes or blows to                the gaming device as well. For example, pressure sensors                or vibration sensors may detect kicks to the base of the                gaming device. Data about pressure may be aggregated                over multiple games, gaming devices, players, etc. For                example, a statistic may indicate that the average                pressure applied to a button was X pounds per square                inch for all gaming devices across the casino in the                last hour.            -   4.1.13.2. What is the precise time at which he presses                the button? In various embodiments, the time may be                recorded as to when a button was pressed at a gaming                device. For example, data may indicate that a button was                pressed at 11:45:02 AM. Data about the times when                buttons were pressed may be aggregated over multiple                games. For example, data about the times buttons were                pressed may allow the derivation of a statistic                describing the average length of time between games at a                gaming device. In some embodiments, a graph may show the                number of button presses across a casino as a function                of time. For example, each bar on the graph may                represent the number of button presses at a casino over                a period of time. The graph may indicate times of heavy                activity and times of light activity at a casino. For                example, activity may die down near the end of an hour                as gamers stop to make an appointment or find an                activity starting on the hour.            -   4.1.13.3. Does he press the button or pull the handle?                In some embodiments, data for a game may be gathered                describing how a primary player initiated play of the                game. Data may indicate whether a primary player pressed                a button, pulled a handle, had a game initiated                automatically on his behalf, or otherwise initiated a                game. Data about the way in which a game may be                initiated may be aggregated over multiple games. Such                data in aggregated form may be described by a statistic.                For example, a statistic may describe the number of                times a particular primary player pressed the button to                initiate a game during a particular period of time. For                example, a statistic may describe the number of times                any primary player in a casino pulled a handle to                initiate play at a gaming device during the day of Jan.                14, 2003.            -   4.1.13.4. How quickly does he pull the handle? In                various embodiments, data for a game may be gathered                describing how quickly a primary player initiated a                series of games at a gaming device. Data may include the                time at which a primary player initiated play of a game.                Data may include a time difference between the                initiation of a first game and the initiation of a                second game. Data may be aggregated over multiple game                intervals. For example, a statistic may describe the                average time between when a primary player initiates a                first game and when the primary player initiates a                second game. Data may be aggregated over multiple                primary players. For example, a statistic may describe                the average time between game initiations for a group of                primary players. In various embodiments, data may be                gathered for the time at which a payout is made, the                time when an outcome appears on the screen or in the                viewing window, or for any other event during a game. A                time between games may thereby be derived.    -   4.2. API. In various embodiments, APIs may be used to facilitate        data exchange and system interaction in accordance with various        embodiments. Sensors used to gather data may communicate data        gathered via APIs. For example, a software application may use        an API associated with a camera to retrieve image data from the        camera. A software application may use an API associated with a        pressure sensor to retrieve data from the sensor, e.g., data        about the weight of chips placed over the sensor. A software        application may use an API associated with a card reader to        retrieve data about the cards that have passed over the reader.        For example, the reader may be attached to a card shoe and may        thereby gather data about the cards dealt from the card shoe. In        various embodiments, a display may include an API. A software        application may interact with the display's API in order to        cause the display to display text, graphics, or animations.    -   4.3. Betting on aggregates of data. E.g., more than 200 reds on        roulette in a day, or 100 blackjacks. In various embodiments, a        secondary player may place a bet that a statistic will take a        certain value or range of values. The statistic may represent an        aggregate of data from two or more games. For example, a        secondary player may bet that a statistic describing the number        of “red” outcomes at any roulette wheel across a casino in the        next hour will have a value in the range of 200 to 250. In other        words, the secondary player may bet that there will be between        200 and 250 “red” outcomes at any roulette wheel in the casino        over the next hour. If, in the next hour, there are in fact        between 200 and 250 “red” outcomes, the player may receive his        bet back plus an additional payout. The additional payout may be        some function of the bet size, such as one times the bet size,        two times the bet size, or any other multiple of the bet size.        -   Embodiments described herein may apply to statistics about            the future or to historical statistics. For example, a            secondary player may bet that in the next hour, there will            be two payouts won at a casino exceeding $1000. Such a bet            may constitute a bet on a statistic about the future. As            another example, a secondary player may bet that between the            hours of 3:00 pm and 6:00 pm on Oct. 12, 2003, at a            particular machine at a particular casino, there were 200            losing outcomes generated. Such a bet may constitute a bet            on a statistic about the past. Although a secondary player            may make a bet about the past, the bet may still be based            upon a random or uncertain set of events, since the            secondary player may not be aware of what happened in the            past which was relevant to the statistic. Embodiments            described herein may apply to statistics about the present.            For example, a secondary player may bet that, for all video            poker games currently in progress, there are twenty games in            which the initial five-card hand dealt contains            three-of-a-kind or better. Embodiments described herein may            apply to statistics that encompass the past and the present,            to statistics that encompass the present and the future, to            statistics that encompass the past and the future, and to            statistics that encompass the past, present and future. For            example, a secondary player may bet that at a point in time            30 minutes into the future, there will have been twenty            bonus rounds achieved at a bank of slot machines in the past            50 minutes (i.e., in the period beginning 20 minutes before            the present and stretching to 30 minutes into the future).        -   4.3.1. Times and statistic initiations. In various            embodiments, a bet may be based on the value of a statistic            at certain times. In some embodiment, the bet is based on an            initialization value for a statistic. A statistic may take            an initial value of 0, for example. A statistic may take a            certain initial value at a designated time. The designated            time may be, for example, the time at which the bet is            placed, one minute after the bet is placed, the start of the            next hour (e.g., 8:00; e.g., 2:00), the start of the next            day, the start of the next month, and so on. For example, a            statistic may represent the number of times a royal flush            has been dealt at any video poker machine in a bank of            machines. The statistic may be initialized to zero at a            designated time and date, such as at 12:00 am on Oct.            1, 2010. The statistic may then increment by one for each            royal flush dealt at the bank of machines. In various            embodiments, a bet may be based on a second value of a            statistic. The second value of the statistic may be the            value of the statistic at a designated time. For example,            the second value of the statistic may be the value the            statistic takes one hour after the time of the            initialization value of the statistic. The second value of            the statistic may be the value the statistic takes three            hours, two days, or any designated time after the            initialization value of the statistic. To continue with a            prior example, the statistic which was initialized to 0 on            Oct. 1, 2010 may take its second value at 12:00 am on Nov.            1, 2010. Thus, a secondary player may bet that a statistic            which is initialized to the value of 0 at 12:00 am on Oct.            1, 2010 will take a value of between 30 and 40 at 12:00 am            on Nov. 1, 2010.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet on                the value that a statistic will take at a certain period                of time, without any initialization time or value being                specified. The statistic may represent an ongoing                statistic, for example, that is updated generally                whether or not any bets are placed on the value of the                statistic. For example, a statistic may describe the                value of a particular progressive jackpot. A secondary                player may bet that the value of the statistic (and                thus, the value of the progressive jackpot) will be over                $1.2 million at 3:00 pm on Oct. 4, 2010. In some                embodiments, a casino may keep track of the number of                “red” outcomes and the number of “black” outcomes that                occur at all roulette wheels at a casino. For example,                at a particular point in time, a statistic describing                the number of “red” outcomes (e.g., since the beginning                of the week) may read “1204”, and a statistic describing                the number of “black” outcomes may read “1154”. A                secondary player may place a bet which wins if the                statistic describing the number of “red” outcomes                reaches 1300 in the next hour. A secondary player may                place a bet which wins if the difference between the                value of the “red” statistic and the value of the                “black” statistic is more than 100 one hour after the                bet is placed. In some embodiments, an ongoing statistic                may be transformed into a statistic with a desired                initialization value, e.g., through a simple                mathematical transformation. For example, a second                statistic may be defined as the value of a first                statistic less 1204. Thus, the aforementioned statistic                indicating that 1204 “red” outcomes had occurred at a                casino in some prior period may be converted into a                second statistic which will describe the number of “red”                outcomes to occur at a casino going forward from the                time the second statistic has been defined.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet that                the value of a statistic will fall into a non-continuous                range. For example, a secondary player may place a bet                on the value of a statistic describing the number of                times a dealer busts at any blackjack game in a casino                during the next hour. The secondary player may bet that                the dealers will bust a total of between 50 and 75                times, or between 100 and 125 times. Thus, the secondary                player may win if the dealers bust 60 times or 110                times, but not if the dealers bust 90 times, for                example.        -   4.3.2. Bets on statistical values at multiple times. In            various embodiments, a secondary player may bet that a            statistic will take on different values at different times.            In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet that a            statistic will fall into different ranges of values at            different times. In various embodiments, a secondary player            may bet on a path that a statistic will take. For example,            if the value of a statistic is plotted as a function of            time, the secondary player may bet that the plot will follow            a certain path and/or take a certain shape. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet that the value of a            statistic will fall within a first range at a first time and            within a second range at a second time. In various            embodiments, a secondary player may bet that the value of a            statistic will fall within a first range at a first time,            within a second range at a second time, and within a third            range at a third time. For example, a secondary player may            bet that a statistic describing the number of sevens rolled            at a craps table starting from 8:00 am will fall between 15            and 20 at 9:00 am, and between 40 and 50 at 10:00 am. Thus,            the secondary player will win his bet if there have been 18            sevens rolled at 9:00 am and 44 sevens rolled at 10:00 am.            However, the secondary player will not win his bet if there            have not been between 15 and 20 sevens by 9:00 am or if            there have not been between 40 and 50 sevens by 10:00 am.            -   In some embodiments, a secondary player may win a bet if                the value of a statistic satisfies a first condition at                a first time or a second condition at a second time. For                example, suppose that a statistic describes the number                of times any primary player has received a blackjack at                a particular blackjack table since 4:00 pm. The                secondary player may place a bet which wins if the                statistic has a value between 10 and 20 at 4:30, or                which wins if the statistic has a value between 30 and                40 at 5:00.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may place a                bet which wins based on the value of the statistic                meeting any defined condition or combination of                conditions. For example, a secondary player may win a                bet if a statistic satisfies any 3 of 4 defined                conditions.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet that                a statistic will take on a particular value during a                particular period of time. For example, a secondary                player may bet that the total number of “bell” symbols                to appear at a particular slot machine since 7:00 pm                will reach 40 between 8:00 pm and 8:10 pm. If the value                of the statistic reaches 40 at 8:01 pm, for example,                then the secondary player will win. However, if the                value of the statistic reaches 40 at 8:13 pm, then the                secondary player will lose. In various embodiments, a                secondary player may bet that the value of a statistic                will fall within a certain range of values during a                certain time period. For example, a particular statistic                may describe the number of outcomes with payouts of more                than 30 coins that have occurred at a particular slot                machine since 9:00 am. The secondary player may bet that                the value of the statistic will be in the range of 5 to                10 sometime between 9:30 am and 9:35 am. The secondary                player would win his bet, for example, if the value of                the statistic was at 5 at 9:35 am, or was at 10 at 9:30                am. However, the secondary player would lose his bet,                for example, if the value of the statistic had already                reached 11 by 9:30 am, or hadn't yet reached 5 by 9:35                am.        -   4.3.3. Bets on combinations of statistics. A first statistic            will take a first range of values and a second statistic            will take a second range of values. In some embodiments, a            secondary player may bet on the values of two or more            statistics. For example, a secondary player may bet that a            first statistic will reach a first value and that a second            statistic will reach a second value at a designated time.            For example, a secondary player may bet that the ace of            spades will be dealt 200 times in the next hour at a bank of            video poker machines, and that the ace of hearts will be            dealt 210 times in the next hour at the same bank of            machines. The secondary player may win his bet if both the            ace of spades is dealt 200 times in the next hour and the            ace of hearts is dealt 210 times in the next hour. If the            ace of spades is not dealt exactly 200 times, or the ace of            hearts is not dealt exactly 210 times, then the secondary            player may not win the bet. In some embodiments, a secondary            player may bet that either a first statistic will reach a            first value or a second statistic will reach a second value.            For example, a secondary player may bet that either the            number 3 will occur 20 times at a roulette wheel in the next            day, or that the number 7 will occur 20 times at a roulette            wheel in the next day. In various embodiments, a secondary            player may bet that any combination of conditions will be            met by a set of one or more statistics. For example, a            secondary player may place a bet involving four statistics            in which a separate condition applies to each statistic. The            secondary player may win the bet if at least two of the            conditions are met. For example, the secondary player may            win a bet if at least two of the following are true: (a)            there are at least 20 outcomes that occur at a gaming device            between 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm that pay more than 20 coins; (b)            there are at least 3 bonus rounds that occur at the gaming            device between 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm; (c) the net winnings of            a primary player at the gaming device between 3:00 pm and            4:00 pm are less than 5 coins; and (d) there are between 20            and 30 payouts at the gaming device between 3:00 pm and 4:00            pm that consist of an odd number of coins.        -   4.3.4. Conditional bets. The player bets there will be            between 95 and 105 reds if there are 200 spins. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may make a bet that pays            based on a statistic having a particular range of values,            but which is conditional on some other circumstance. For            example, a secondary player may bet that there will be            between 200 and 250 losing outcomes at a gaming device            during the period between 4:00 pm and 5:00 pm on Nov. 12,            2001, but only if there are at least 300 games played at the            gaming device. If the condition is not met, then the bet may            be considered void or a tie. If the condition is not met,            then a different condition may apply. For example, a            secondary player may bet that there will be between 200 and            250 losing outcomes if there are at least 300 games played,            and that that there will be between 100 and 125 losing            outcomes if there are less than 300 games played.        -   4.3.5. The statistic may pay differently for different            values. In various embodiments, a secondary player may make            a bet which pays a first amount if a statistic has a first            value, a second amount if a statistic has a second value,            and a third amount if a statistic has a third value. For            example, a secondary player may bet on a statistic            describing the number of times the banker wins in a game of            baccarat during a particular one-hour period. If the banker            wins between 15 and 20 times, the secondary player may            receive his bet back plus an additional amount equal to his            bet. If the banker wins more than 20 times, the secondary            player may receive his bet back plus an additional amount            equal to twice his bet. If the banker wins less than 15            times, the secondary player may lose his bet. In some            embodiments, a secondary player may win an amount that is a            linear or affine function of a statistic over a certain            range of possible values of the statistic. For example, a            secondary player may bet on the number of times that a            particular primary player's two-card hand in a game of pai            gow poker will beat the banker's two-card hand, in a            particular one-hour period. The secondary player may win an            amount equal to B×0.1×(N−15), for any N>15, where N            represents the number of times that the particular primary            player's two-card hand wins, and B represents the bet amount            made by the secondary player. For example, if N is equal to            25, then the secondary player will win B×0.1×(25−15), or B.            If N<=15, then the secondary player may win nothing and,            e.g., lose his bet. It will be appreciated that a statistic            could simply be defined to equal B×0.1×(N−15), or any other            function of a simpler statistic. In the former case, the            secondary player's payout might be defined by the statistic.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may make a                bet. The bet may designate a particular value of a                statistic. For example, a statistic may represent the                number of times that the banker wins during a particular                hour at a particular table of pai gow power. The                designated value of the statistic may be 20. The payout                to the secondary player may increase by a certain amount                for each unit by which the statistic exceeds the                designated amount. For example, for each number of times                above 20 that the banker wins, the secondary player's                payout may go up by $1. In some embodiments, the payout                to a secondary player may increase for each unit below a                designated value that a statistic falls. For example, a                statistic may represent the number of times that a war                is initiated in the game of casino war at a particular                table during a particular three-hour period. The                designated value may be 10. A payout to a secondary                player may increase by $5 for each unit below 10 that                the statistic falls. For example, if the value of the                statistic is 9, then the secondary player may win $5. If                the value of the statistic is 8, the secondary player                may win $10, and so on. If the value of the statistic is                10 or above, then the secondary player may win nothing.                The secondary player may lose his bet.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may lose more                than the amount of his bet depending on the value of a                statistic. For example, if a statistic reaches a certain                value, the secondary player may lose twice the amount of                his bet. Thus, the secondary player may lose the                original amount of his bet and may be further obligated                to supply an additional amount equal to the original                amount of his bet. In various embodiments, a secondary                player may lose more money the further the value of a                statistic departs from a designated value. For example,                a designated value for a statistic may be 20. The                secondary player may lose $1 if the actual value of the                statistic is 19, $2 if the actual value of the statistic                is 18, $3 if the actual value of the statistic is 17,                and so on.            -   In various embodiments the secondary player may make a                spread bet based on the value of a statistic. A spread                bet may include a designated value of the statistic. If                the actual value of the statistic is greater than the                designated value, then the secondary player may be paid                in proportion to the amount by which the actual                statistic is greater. If the actual value of the                statistic is less than the designated value, the                secondary player may lose an amount that is proportional                to the amount by which the actual statistic is less. A                secondary player may also lose if the actual value of a                statistic is greater than a designated value, and win if                the actual value of the statistic is less than the                designated value. For example, a secondary player may                win an amount that is proportional to the amount by                which the actual value of the statistic is less than the                designated value of the statistic. The secondary player                may lose an amount that is proportional to the amount by                which the actual value of the statistic is greater than                the designated value of the statistic.            -   In various embodiments, a spread bet may include a                constant that is added to a payout or to an amount owed                by a secondary player. For example, a secondary player                may be paid an amount which is proportional to the                difference between an actual value of a statistic and a                designated value of a statistic plus a constant. The                constant may be positive or negative. For example, a                secondary player may be paid an amount equal to                $1×(A−D)+c, where A is the actual value of a statistic,                D is the designated value of the statistic, and c is a                constant. In various embodiments, the secondary player                may be paid an amount equal to $1*k*(A−D)+c, where k is                a constant. In various embodiments, the secondary player                may be paid $1*k*(A−D)+c₁ if A>D, and $1*k*(A−D)+c₂ if                A≤D, where c₁ and c₂ are two different constants. In                various embodiments, the secondary player may be paid                $1*k*(A−D)+c₁ if A>D, $1*k*(A−D)+c₂ if A<D, and c₃ if                A=D, where c₁, c₂, and c₃ are three different constants.        -   4.3.6. Betting on the aggregation of craps rolls. In various            embodiments, a statistic may describe a summation of numbers            that arise from two or more games or from two or more            events. For example, a statistic may represent the sum of            the point totals a player has achieved in three games of            blackjack. For example, if a player achieves a hand with a            point total of 16 in a first game of blackjack, a hand with            a point total of 21 in a second game of blackjack, and a            hand with a point total of 14 in a third game of blackjack,            then the value of the statistic may be 51. A statistic may            represent the sum of point totals from two or more primary            players in a single game of blackjack. For example, a            statistic may represent the sum of point totals from the            hands of Bob, Joe, and Sam, all of whom participate in the            same game at a particular gaming table in a casino. In some            embodiments, a statistic may represent the sum of point            totals for both player and dealer hands. In some            embodiments, a statistic may represent the sum of dealer            point totals from multiple games. In some embodiments, a            statistic may represent a sum of card point totals. For            example, a statistic may represent the sum of points from            every card dealt during a game, or for every card dealt            during a plurality of games.            -   In some embodiments, a statistic may represent the sum                of numbers revealed on tiles or dominoes in a game. For                example, a statistic may represent the sum of numbers                revealed on dominoes in the game of pai gow.            -   In some embodiments, a statistic may represent the sum                of numbers achieved during two or more rolls of dice.                Such dice rolls may occur in craps, in sic bo, or in any                other game. In a game of craps, a statistic may                represent the sum of two or more dice rolls during a                game. For example, a statistic may represent the sum of                all dice rolls made between when a pass-line bet is made                and when the pass-line bet is resolved (e.g., in the                player's favor, e.g., in the dealer's favor). As another                example, a statistic may represent the sum of a fixed                number of rolls made during a game. For example, a                statistic may represent the sum of the first three rolls                made during a game of craps. In some embodiments, a                statistic may represent the sum of rolls made in two or                more separate games. For example, a statistic may                represent the sum of the rolls made in five consecutive                games of craps.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may place a                bet with a payout that depends on the value of statistic                representing the sum of points, dice rolls, or any other                numbers. For example, a secondary player may place a bet                that a statistic representing the sum of three dice                rolls in craps will have a value in excess of 21. The                secondary player may win the amount of his bet if the                value of the statistic exceeds 21, and lose the value of                his bet otherwise. Suppose, to continue the above                example, that the three dice rolls are 10, 6, and 8. The                value of the statistic would then be 24, which is the                sum of 10, 6, and 8. The secondary player would                therefore win the amount of his bet.            -   In another example, a secondary player may place a bet                on the value of a statistic that represents the sum of                the first roll of the dice from each of the next five                craps games. The player may win if the value of the                statistic is less than 32, but lose otherwise. Suppose,                for the next five games, the first rolls occur as                follows: 4, 7, 9, 5, 9. Accordingly, the value of the                statistic would be 34. Thus, in this example, the                secondary player would lose.            -   In various embodiments, a statistic may represent the                sum of rolls from multiple different craps tables. For                example, a statistic may represent the sum of all rolls                at every craps table at a casino during a given                five-minute period. For example, a statistic may                represent the sum of the next roll at each of five craps                tables.            -   In various embodiments, a statistic may represent the                sum of numbers rolled on individual dice. For example, a                statistic may represent the sum of the lowest die in                each of the next three rolls. For example, let the                ordered pair (x, y) represent a single roll with x                representing the number on one die in the roll and y                representing the number on the other die in the roll.                Suppose the next three rolls occur as follows: (3, 5);                (6, 4); (1, 3). The value of the statistic would be                equal to the sum of 3, 4, and 1, which is equal to 8.            -   In various embodiments, a statistic may represent any                function of points, rolls of the dice, or other numbers.                For example, a statistic may represent the product of                dice rolls. For example, if three dice rolls are 4, 3,                and 10, the statistic may take the value of 120, which                is equal to the product of 4, 3, and 10.            -   In various embodiments, a secondary player may make a                bet whose payout depends on the actual value of a                statistic relative to a designated value. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may make a bet whose                payout is proportional to a difference between the                actual value of a statistic and a designated value of                the statistic. Such a bet may be referred to as a spread                bet, in some embodiments. For example, a secondary                player may place a bet on the value of a statistic                representing the sum of three rolls of dice in a game of                craps. The designated value may be 21. The player may                receive $1 for every unit that the actual value of the                statistic exceeds the designated value of 21. For                example, if the actual value of the statistic turns out                to be 24, then the player may receive $3. In some                embodiments, a secondary player may owe an amount that                is proportional to the amount by which the actual value                of the statistic is less than the designated value. For                example, if the actual value of the statistic turns out                to be 14, then the player may owe an amount equal to                $10. Any amount previously provided by the secondary                player may count towards the amount owed. For example,                the amount of a bet previously placed by the secondary                player may count towards the amount owed.                Mobile Device Interacts with a Proximate Game

In various embodiments, a player (e.g., a primary player; e.g., asecondary player) may carry a mobile device. The mobile device mayprovide an interface via which the player may participate in a game. Themobile device may receive data from a casino server, from a gamingdevice, from a gaming table, or from any other source. The data mayinclude game data. Based on the data, the mobile device may create orrecreate a depiction of a game. For example, the data received by themobile device may include data indicating cards that have been dealt ina game, numbers that have been rolled on dice, numbers which have beendetermined in a roulette game, and so on. Based on the data, the mobiledevice may create or recreate a depiction of a slot machine game, avideo poker game, a roulette game, or any other game. In someembodiments, the mobile device may indicate, e.g., via text on a displayscreen, the events that occurred in a game without graphically depictingthe game. The mobile device may include input devices such as buttons,touch pads, track bolls, keys, touch screens, microphones, and so on.The mobile device may accept commands and other inputs from the playervia the input devices. The mobile device may receive from the playerinputs indicating an amount to bet on a game, a strategy to be used in agame, a decision to be made in a game, a bet to be made in a game, andso on. The mobile device may transmit any inputs received from theplayer to the casino server, to a gaming device (e.g., to a slotmachine), to a gaming table, to a dealer, to a croupier, or to any otherentity that is conducting a game. The mobile device may communicate viaan intermediary with an entity conducting a game. For example, themobile device may transmit data to and receive data from a casinoserver. The casino server may, in turn, transmit data to and receivedata from a table game. In this way, the table game and the mobiledevice may communicate through the casino server.

Using the mobile device, the player may participate in a live game. Ifthe player is acting as a primary player, then the player may initiatethe play of the game and make decisions in the game. If the player isacting as a secondary player, then the player may place a bet on a gameof a primary player.

In various embodiments, the mobile device may be configured to select anentity conducting a game based on the location of the entity and/orbased on the location of the game. For example, a mobile device may beconfigured to select a table game of blackjack that is located within100 feet of the mobile gaming device. Accordingly, the mobile device maybegin receiving data from the table game and transmitting data to thetable game. The mobile device may transmit to the table game anindication that the player wishes to make a bet and start a new game. Adealer at the table game may receive instructions from the mobiledevice. For example, a wireless receiver at the table game may receiveinstructions from the mobile device and cause them to be displayed on amonitor at the table game. The dealer may follow the instructions. Forexample, the dealer may deal cards at a new position at the table. Theposition may remain physically unoccupied. Nevertheless, the cards mayrepresent the cards of the player who is playing via the mobile device.As events occur in the table game, data about such events may betransmitted to the mobile device. For example, the cards dealt to thehand of the player may be read by a reader on the card shoe as they aredealt. Data indicative of the cards may be transmitted to the mobiledevice via a wireless transmitter at the table. The mobile device mayreceive the data and display game information to the player based on thereceived data. The player may input game decisions, such as hit or standdecisions, after which such decisions may be transmitted back to thegame table by the mobile device. The process may continue through onegame or through a whole series of games.

In various embodiments, a mobile device may initiate communication witha table game, gaming device, or other entity that is most proximate tothe mobile device. For example, the mobile device may determine that aparticular slot machine is the closest slot machine to the mobiledevice. Accordingly, the mobile device may initiate communication withthe slot machine. The player with the mobile device may then participatein the games of the slot machine. The player may participate as aprimary player or as a secondary player, in various embodiments. If theplayer participates as a primary player, the mobile gaming device mayreceive an amount of a bet from the player and then transmit a signal tothe gaming device, thereby triggering the gaming device to generate anoutcome. Thus, the gaming device may be triggered to spin and generatean outcome without the physical presence of a player directly in frontof the gaming device. For example, the player may be located ten feetaway from the gaming device, yet the gaming device may initiate a gameand generate an outcome in response to a signal from the mobile device.

In various embodiments, the mobile device may initiate communicationwith a table, gaming device, game, or other computing device that relaysinformation to and from a game, based on the proximity of the game andbased on the type of game. For example, the mobile device may initiatecommunication with the closest game that is a video poker game. Forexample the mobile device may initiate communication with the closestgame that is a blackjack game. For example, the mobile device mayinitiate communication with the closest game that is a craps game.

In various embodiments, the mobile device may initiate communicationwith a game based on the presence of a primary player at the game. Forexample, the player with the mobile device may wish to act as asecondary player in a game of blackjack. Accordingly, the player maywish to find the nearest game of blackjack in which there is already aprimary player participating. The player with the mobile device may thenact as a secondary player and participate in the game of the existingprimary player. In various embodiments, if the player with the mobiledevice wishes to act as a primary player, the mobile device may initiatecommunication with a game where there is a spot available for a primaryplayer. For example, a player with a mobile device may wish toparticipate in a game of blackjack as a primary player. The mobiledevice may initiate communication with a blackjack table at which atleast one seat is unfilled. The player with the mobile device may playin the game of blackjack as a primary player. However, in variousembodiments, the player with the mobile device need not actually sitdown at the table. The dealer may simply deal cards to a particular spotwhich is understood to belong to the player with the mobile device. Theplayer with the mobile device may make game decisions and key them intothe mobile device. The mobile device may communicate the decisions tothe blackjack table (e.g., to a computing device withtransmitting/receiving antenna situated on the blackjack table). Thedecisions of the player may then be communicated to a dealer who maythen act based on the decisions, e.g., by dealing or not dealing cards.

In various embodiments, a mobile device may initiate communication witha game, a gaming device, a device which is associated with a game, etc.,based on a number of factors. A mobile device may communicate with agame based on: (a) the type of game (e.g., poker; e.g., blackjack; e.g.,slot machine); (b) based on the amount of the bet required at the game(e.g., the mobile device may initiate communication with a game only ifthe minimum bet required is less than $25; e.g., the mobile device mayinitiate communication with a game only if the minimum bet required isgreater than $1); (c) the availability of a spot at the game; (d) basedon the presence of a particular dealer (e.g., the mobile device mayinitiate communication with a game if dealer Joe Smith is dealing); (e)based on historical outcomes of the game (e.g., the mobile device mayinitiate communication with a game if the last 5 games played werewinning games; e.g., the mobile device may initiate communication with agame if primary players at the game have lost more than $100 in the lasthour); (f) based on the proximity of the game to the mobile device; (g)based on the location of the game; (h) based on the location of themobile device; and so on.

In various embodiments, the mobile device may initiate communicationwith a game automatically once a triggering condition has been met. Forexample, when the mobile device comes within ten feet of a blackjackgame, communication may be automatically initiated between the game andthe mobile device. Communication may be triggered without input from theplayer with the gaming device. The triggering conditions may, however,have been previously entered or defined by the player with the mobiledevice.

The mobile device may have various ways of determining if the mobiledevice is proximate to a game. The mobile device may include a locationsensor or detector. For example, the mobile device may include a GPSreader. For example, the mobile device may receive signals from multiplefixed beacons with known locations and triangulate its own locationbased on arrival times of the signals from the fixed beacons. The mobiledevice may store records of the locations of various games. For example,the mobile device may include an internal map detailing the locations ofvarious games. If the mobile device determines that it is at aparticular location, and finds that the particular location happens tobe close to the location of a game (e.g., as determined from theinternal map), then the mobile device may determine that the mobiledevice is proximate to the game. The mobile device may thereby initiatecommunication with the game.

In various embodiments, a game (e.g., a gaming device; e.g., a tablegame) may include a beacon or antenna that broadcasts signals within ashort range. For example, a game may include a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) tag. The signal broadcast by the game may bedetectable within a certain radius of the game. The mobile device mayinclude a receiver which is capable of detecting the signal broadcastfrom the game. If the mobile device detects the signal, the mobiledevice may initiate communication with the game.

In various embodiments, a game (e.g., a gaming device; e.g., a tablegame) may initiate communication with a mobile device. In variousembodiments, a game may detect when the mobile device is proximate. Forexample, the mobile device may contain an antenna that broadcastssignals within a short radius of the mobile device. For example, themobile device may include a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Agame may detect the presence of the tag and may initiate communicationwith the mobile device.

In various embodiments, the mobile device may broadcast signals. Thesignals may be detected at fixed detectors at known locations, e.g., atknown locations in a casino. The position of the mobile device may thenbe triangulated using methods well known to those skilled in the art.For example, based on the travel time of the signal to a fixed detector,a circle may be drawn around the detector indicating possible locationsof the mobile device. With several detectors in place, multiple circlesmay be drawn. The mobile device may be assumed to be located where thecircles all intersect, or come close to intersecting. The casino servermay be in communication with the detectors. The casino server maythereby derive the location of the mobile device. The casino server maycompare the location of the mobile device to known locations of a game.If the mobile device is found to be proximate to a game, the casino mayalert the game and/or the mobile device of the proximity. The mobiledevice may thereupon initiate communication with the game or vice versa.

In various embodiments, a player may participate at a table game via amobile device. The player may enter bets into the mobile device. Theplayer may have an account balance with the casino. For example, theplayer may have $10,000 on deposit with the casino. As the player entersa bet, the amount of the bet may be deducted from the player's accountbalance. When the player wins money in a game, the amount of the win maybe added to the player's account balance. In various embodiments, theplayer may place bets through the mobile device without such bets beingrevealed to other players. For example, the player with the mobiledevice may enter bets into the mobile device (e.g., by keying in anamount of the bet) without having to actually place chips on a gamingtable. The player with the mobile device thus avoids a situation whereother players can see how many chips are being bet by the player withthe mobile device. The ability to place a bet without the amount of thebet being revealed to other players (or to spectators) may be importantto a player. A player who is betting a lot of money may wish to avoidattracting attention of potential thieves, for example. A player mayalso benefit from not having to carry large amounts of money away from atable. For example, a player may win $40,000 at a table. Rather thangathering his $40,000 in chips and leaving, the player may have hiswinning stored in his account with the casino, where they cannot easilybe stolen.

The ability of a mobile device to communicate with a game and to allowthe player with the mobile device to participate in the game may offeradditional benefits. In some embodiments, a table game may be full. Forexample, every seat at a blackjack table may be currently occupied byplayers. The player with the mobile device may nevertheless be able toparticipate in a game at the table. For example, the dealer may deal anextra hand for the player with the mobile device and place such a handin a spot with no seat in front of it (e.g., in a spot close to thedealer).

In various embodiments, a player may use a handheld device whether thedevice is used to play a primary game (e.g., against the dealer) orwhether the device is used to play a secondary game.

In various embodiments, a player participating in table game using amobile device may send a tip to the dealer of the game using the mobiledevice. For example, the player may use input devices (e.g., keys; e.g.,a touch screen) on the mobile device to indicate a desire to provide atip and to indicate an amount of a tip. The amount of the tip may bededucted from an account balance that the player has with the casino.The amount of the tip may be credited to an account of the dealer. Thedealer may be authorized to take an amount of chips equal to the tipfrom the table and put such chips in his pocket, for example. Using amobile device, a player may indicate: (a) an amount of a tip to provide;(b) a message to be associated with the tip (e.g., “Hi, this tip is fromJoe”; e.g., “Hi, thanks for the cards last hand!”); (c) a dealer towhich to provide the tip (e.g., the player may be simultaneouslyparticipating in games at two or more tables and may need to specify adealer); (d) whether or not the tip will be provided anonymously; and soon. In various embodiments, when a tip is sent to a dealer, the dealeris informed of the originator of the tip. In this way, the playersending the tip can receive his due appreciation from the dealer. Ascreen at a game table may provide a message indicating who provided thetip. For example, the screen may display a message for the dealersaying, “John Brown just gave you a $5 tip.” In some embodiments, thedealer may view a picture of the player providing the tip. In this way,the dealer may be able to see visually who among the players standingnear the table provided the tip. In various embodiments, a dealer mayreceive a message saying that a tip came from a mobile device player inthe area. For example, the message might say, “a mobile device player inthe area has just given you a tip of $1”.

In various embodiments, a player may participate in a game via a remotedevice or terminal. A player may participate via a fixed terminalcontaining a display screen, processor, memory and communication device,for example. A player may also participate via a mobile device. Invarious embodiments, a remote terminal can play a game on behalf of theplayer. In various embodiments, a remote device may make game decisionson behalf of the player. Such game decisions may include decisions ofwhether to hit or stand in blackjack and decisions on which cards todraw in a game of video poker. In various embodiments, a remote devicemay make decisions as to how much to bet. Decisions about amounts to betmay include decisions about how much to bet at the start of a game,decisions about whether or not to add to a bet (e.g., decisions aboutwhether to double down in a game of blackjack) and decisions about howmuch to bet during the course of a game (e.g., during the course of agame of poker).

The player at the remote terminal may authorize the remote device tomake decision in a game on his behalf. The player may, for example, typein his initials to indicate that he is authorizing the terminal to makegame decisions on his behalf. The player may specify constraints orparameters for the decisions. For example, the player may specify anamount of a bet to be made on any given game, a maximum amount of a betto be made on any given game, a total number of games to be played, andso on. In some embodiments, a player may authorize the remote device tomake bets on games until the player has won or lost a certain amount.For example, the player may authorize the device to continue betting onbehalf of the player until the player has either doubled his currentbankroll (e.g., an amount the player has on deposit with the casino) oruntil the player has lost half of his bankroll. In various embodiments,the player may specify a strategy to be used in a game. For example, theplayer may specify what action should be taken in a game of blackjackshould the player have 10 points and should the dealer have a three faceup. In some embodiments, the player may select from two or morepre-defined strategies. For example, a player may tell indicate that hewishes to use a predefined “risky” strategy or a predefined‘conservative” strategy. In some embodiments, the player may authorizethe terminal to play according to an optimal strategy and/or to playaccording to a strategy that maximizes a parameter, such as an expectedamount to be won from a game.

A player at a remote terminal may specify various rules for betting.Rules for betting may include one or more of the following; (a) theterminal is to bet a fixed amount on every game (e.g., $2 on everygame); (b) the terminal is to bet an amount on a given game whichdepends on the result (e.g., win, lose) of the prior game; (c) theterminal is to bet an amount which doubles after every loss, but whichis $1 after every win; (d) the terminal is to bet until X amount intotal is won; (e) the terminal is to bet until X amount in total islost; (f) the terminal is always to bet the maximum possible amount; (g)the terminal is to bet X pay-lines (e.g., in a slot machine game); andso on. Rules for betting may further include a number of games to playat once (e.g., 3 games are to be played at once; an amount of time towait between playing games, and so on. If the player at the remoteterminal is a secondary player, rules for the terminal to follow mayinclude rules detailing the way primary players will be selected. Rulesfor selecting primary players may include rules for selecting primaryplayers based on demographic information; rules for selecting primaryplayers based on the games being played by the primary players; rulesfor selecting primary players based on historical outcomes of theplayers; rules for selecting primary players based on amounts beingwagered by the primary players; rules for selecting primary playersbased on a strategy being used by the primary players, and so on.

Random Generators

In various embodiments, a card shoe may automatically deal cards. Invarious embodiments, a card show may automatically deal cards that areface up so that the cards are visible to a camera that is located abovethe cards. In various embodiments, cards may be placed into a card shoeface-up. In this way, the cards may be automatically dealt face-up. Invarious embodiments, a card shoe may show cards without expelling thecards from the shoe. The card shoe may, for example, maintain twointernal stacks of cards. Cards may be transferred from the first stackto the second stack, each card shown through a viewing window of theshoe as it is transferred. Once the first stack is depleted, the secondstack may be shuffled and put in the place of the first stack. The cardfrom the newly shuffled first stack may then be transferred once againto the place of the second stack. In this way cards may be repeatedlyshuffled and dealt without the necessity of a human gathering upexpelled cards and placing them back into the shoe. As will beappreciated, many other card shoes may be used. Any card shoe capable ofautomatically dealing cards may be used, for example. Further, a cardshoe may be used in conjunction with any device which can make cardsvisible to a camera, e.g., by flipping cards over once dealt. A cardshoe may be used in conjunction with a card reader. Cards may containspecial markings, such as bar codes or other patterns which are machinereadable and which serve to identify the rank and suit of the cards.Cards may contain RFID tags which offers signals that identify the rankand suit of the cards.

In various embodiments, a card shoe may deal or reveal cards withvariable speed. For example, a card shoe may be capable of dealing cardsat a rate between 5 cards per second and 1 card every 3 seconds. Thecard shoe may include controls which allow a human and/or a computer toincrease or to decrease the rate at which cards are dealt. In variousembodiments, a card shoe may be slowed down if the card shoe isgenerating cards for a game with a relatively slow pace. For example, acard shoe may be slowed down when a game using the cards is a highstakes baccarat game. A card shoe may be sped up when a game using thecards is a game of blackjack with many experienced players.

In various embodiments, the cards dealt by a card shoe may serve as abasis for the play of one or more games. For example, a remote playermay be involved in a game of video poker. The cards used in the game ofvideo poker may first be dealt from the cards shoes. The rank and suitof the cards dealt may be captured, e.g., by an overhead camera.Depictions of the cards may then be recreated at a remote terminal ofthe player.

In various embodiments, a card shoe may be under manual control. Forexample, a human or computer may indicate to the card shoe when to deala new card. In this way, a new card may be dealt only when necessary ina game. For example, if a player is using the cards dealt from a cardshoe for a game of video poker then the remote terminal of the playermay instruct the card shoe to deal new cards only when the player hasindicated which cards to discard from an initial hand. The cards dealtfrom the shoe may then be used as replacement cards for the cardsdiscarded. Further, the shoe may be instructed only to deal as manycards as are needed to replace the cards being discarded by the player.

In various embodiments, a card shoe may deal cards at a constant rate.In various embodiments, a card shoe may deal cards according to a setschedule. The card shoe may, for example, deal one card every second.Any player and/or any game may be welcome to access the cards dealt fromthe card shoe. For example, a player at a remote terminal may require 10cards for a game of blackjack. The terminal may then retrieve data aboutthe next 10 cards dealt from a card shoe. The data about the cards maythen be used to recreate images of the cards, to deal representations ofcards, and to determine whether the player won in the game of blackjackor not.

In various embodiments, data about cards dealt from a card shoe may bestored. The data may be stored at a casino server, at a remote terminalconducting games for players, or at any other location. When data aboutcards are needed for a game, the data may be retrieved. Data may beretrieved about cards that had been dealt in the past, such as 10minutes prior to a game being conducted, such as 1 day prior to a gamebeing conducted, or such as a year prior to a game being conducted.

Cards dealt from a card shoe may be read in various ways. Imageprocessing algorithms may recognize the characteristic card patterns orimages. For example, an image processing algorithm may be used to countthe number of pips on a card and/or to determine the suit of the cardfrom the shape of the pips. For example, optical character recognitiontechnology may be used to discern the rank of a card based on a letteror numeral printed on the card. In various embodiments, a card mayinclude a bar code or other pattern. A laser may be used to read the barcode. A card may contain an RFID chip or other signaling device forcommunicating the identity of the card.

In various embodiments, a live human dealer may deal cards. The dealermay deal cards for a live game at a casino. In various embodiments, adealer may simply deal cards. There may be no live players, e.g.,primary players, near the dealer. However, the cards dealt by the dealermay be used as the basis for other games, such as for remote games.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a human dealer may deal cards face up.The cards may be read by a camera or other device. In some embodiments,the dealer may key in the identities of the cards. The cards may then beused in the games of remote players.

In some embodiments, multiple card shoes, live human dealers, or othercard dealing entities may deal cards. In some embodiments, a firstremote game may use cards from a first card shoe and a second remotegame may use cards form a second card shoe. In some embodiments, a firstremote game may use cards from two or more card shoes. For example, aremote game may use three cards dealt from a first shoe and two cardsdealt from a second shoe in order to create an initial hand of poker. Itwill be appreciate that the use of cards from multiple shoes may resultin the possibility of different outcomes. For example, if cards are usedfrom a single shoe containing only one deck in a game of poker, handswith five-of-a-kind may not be possible. However, if cards are used fromtwo different shoes, then a five-of-a-kind hand may be possible even ifboth shoes are only dealing a single deck of cards.

In some embodiments, a game and/or a player may use cards in alternatingfashion from two shoes. For example, a game may use the first, third,and fifth cards dealt from a first shoe, and a second and fourth cardsdealt from a second shoe. In various embodiments, a single game may usecards from any number of shoes, such as from five different shoes. Invarious embodiments, a the same card may be used in two different games.For example, a card dealt from a shoe may be used in a remote game ofblackjack and in a remote game of video poker. In various embodiments, acard dealt from a shoe may be used in a first game of blackjack and in asecond game of blackjack. In various embodiments, historical data aboutcards dealt from a shoe or about cards dealt by a human dealer may berecorded. The historical data may be made available for viewing, forsearching, for analysis, or for any other use by a player. A player mayselect a shoe to use for a game. For example, a player may view dataabout the last 100 cards dealt at each of two shoes. The player maydecide that the second shoe is the luckier shoe because it has dealtcards that have lead more often to player wins in a game of blackjack.

In various embodiments, a card shoe may deal to a certain penetrationand no more. For example, a card shoe may contain 312 cards. However,following a shuffle, the card may deal less than the full 312 cards inthe shoe. This may prevent a player from counting cards. For example, acard shoe with 312 cards may only deal 100 of the cards beforereshuffling. In some embodiments, a card shoe may continuously shufflecards. For example, following the deal of a set of cards, each card maybe randomly inserted into the remainder of the deck. For example,following each deal, the entire deck of cards may be reshuffled.

In various embodiments, a card shoe or other card dealing device mayhave an associated applications programming interface (API). The API mayinclude various commands that may be given by remote terminals to theshuffler.

There may be commands for dealing a new card, for shuffling, forincreasing the dealing speed, and for decreasing the dealing speed,among other commands. In various embodiments, an API may define the wayin which a card shoe will communicate to a remote terminal which cardshave been dealt. For example, the API may allow a remote terminal tounderstand a particular sequence of data as the ace of spades.

In various embodiments, one or more APIs may define the communicationbetween a card shoe and a casino server. The casino server may, in turn,relay information about cards dealt to a terminal which is conducting agame for a player. In various embodiments, one or more APIs may definethe communication between a server and a terminal. The APIs may definecommands by which the terminal can request a card from the server, canrequest an increase in dealing speed, can request a decrease in dealingspeed, or can make any other command or request.

Various games employ the use of dice. Examples include craps and Sic Bo.In various embodiments, machines may be used to roll dice automatically.A reader may determine the results of the dice rolls. For example, animage may capture the rolls of the dice and may determine what numberhas been rolled on each die. Data about what number has been rolled on adie or dice may be transmitted to a remote terminal. The remote terminalmay conduct a game using data from the dice. For example, the remoteterminal may use data about what numbers were rolled on three dice inorder to allow determine the results of a game of Sic Bo played by aremote player.

In various embodiments, a basket may include one or more dice. Thebasked could be a cylinder, a tube, a parallelepiped, or any otherenclosure, including any enclosure with two flat opposing surfaces. Thebasket may be transparent in one or more of its surfaces. In variousembodiments, the entire basket may be transparent. In variousembodiments, the basket may include two normal resting positions. In afirst resting position, one of two flat opposing surfaces is parallel tothe ground and is the closest surface to the ground. In a second restingposition, the other of the two flat opposing surfaces is parallel to theground and is the closest surface to the ground. As will be appreciated,in each of these two resting positions, the dice within the basket willmost likely come to rest on the lower of the two flat opposing surfaces(i.e., the surface closest to the ground). When the basket has come toone of the normal resting positions, the dice within the basket may beread by a reader. Once the dice have been read, the basket may beflipped 180 degrees so that the surface that was closest to the groundis now closest to the sky, and the surface that was closest to the skyis now closest to the ground. The flipping of the basket should thencause the dice to fall to the surface that is now closest to the ground.The dice will presumably fall in a chaotic or unpredictable way so thatwhen they land on the new bottom surface, a new set of random numberswill have been generated. In various embodiments, the basket may becontrolled by a stepper motor. The stepper motor may accurately controlthe flipping of the basket so that, at rest, the opposing flat surfacescan be parallel to the ground. It will be appreciated that in variousembodiments, other basket shapes may be used. For example, the basketmay include a single surface which is always held substantially parallelto the ground. To randomize the dice, the basket may be shaken. Invarious embodiments, the dice contained in the basket may include RFIDtags. Each face of the die may include its own RFID tag, for example, adetector located above the basket may detect which RFID tag is theclosest of the six on a given die, and may thereupon determine whichnumber has been rolled on the die, for example.

In various embodiments, a random event may be used to supply data foruse in one or more games. For example, as described herein, theshuffling and dealing of cards may determine a number of random events.The results of the random events may include which cards end up beingdealt. In various embodiments, the random events may generate resultsfrom a limited set of enumerated outcomes. For example, the result ofthe roll of a die is an outcome from the set of integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,and 6. For example, the result of the dealing of a card from a standardset of 52 cards is a card that with one of only 52 unique identities. Invarious embodiments, data describing one of a first set of enumeratedoutcomes may be transformed into data describing one of a second set ofenumerated outcomes. In various embodiments, several outcomes from afirst set may be combined to create one outcome from a second set ofpossible enumerated outcomes. In various embodiments, one outcome from afirst set of enumerated outcomes may be decomposed into several outcomesfrom a second set of enumerated outcomes. For example, a first randomevent may be the dealing of a card. A card may be used to generate theoutcomes of two dice. For example, the two of clubs may correspond to aroll of two dice where each die shows the number 1 on its top face.

In another example, three dice are rolled. The three dice are used todefine the rank and suit of a card. For example, a first die is rolled.If the first die shows a one, then the card is a club. If the first dieshows a two, then the card is a heart. If the first die shows a three,then the card is a diamond. If the first die shows a four, then the cardis a spade. If the first die shows a five or a six, then the die isrolled again until it shows a 1 through 4. The second die is thenrolled. If the second die shows a one, two, or three, then the third dieis rolled. If the second die shows a four, five, or six, then the seconddie is rolled again. The second die is continually rolled until thesecond die shows a 1 through 3. If the second die shows a three and thethird die shows a 2 through 6, then the second and third die are rolledagain. In other words, the second die will have to be rolled again untilit shows a 1 through 3. The third die will also be rolled again underthe same circumstances as it had been originally. If, however, thesecond die shows a three and the third die shows a 1, then the rollingstops. In the end, if the second die shows a 1, then the card rank willbe ace if the third die shows a 1, 2 if the third die shows a 2, 3 ifthe third die shows a 3, four if the third die shows a 4, five if thethird die shows a 5, and six if the third dies shows a six. If seconddie shows a 2, then the card rank will be 7 if the third die shows a 1,8 if the third die shows a 2, 9 if the third die shows a 3, 10 if thethird die shows a 4, jack if the third die shows a 5, and queen if thethird die shows a six. If the second die shows a 3 and the third dieshows a 1, then the rank of the card will be king. No other dicecombinations are possible since the dice would have been re-rolled ifsuch combinations occurred.

It will be appreciated that there may be many other algorithms fortransforming data describing one set of enumerated outcomes into datadescribing another set of enumerated outcomes. Any other such system maybe used. Thus, in various embodiments, cards dealt from a shoe may beused to conduct a game of craps. Dice rolled in a basket may be used toconduct a game of video poker. Coin flips may be used to conduct a gameof Sic Bo or casino war. In general, any set of outcomes may be used,either individually or in combination, to generate data describing anyother set of outcomes.

Verification of Random Event Generators

In various embodiments, a player may be engaged in a game that reliesupon data from random events. The random events may occur at a locationseparate from the location of the player. For example, the player mayplay a game on his mobile gaming device in New Jersey, where such gamerelies upon random events that occurred in Nevada. The random events mayalso occur at a different time from the time when the player is playing.For example, a player may play a game of video poker. The cards theplayer receives may be based on cards dealt three weeks ago from a cardshoe in a casino warehouse. The random events may also occur in adifferent type of game than that being played by the player. Forexample, the random events may occur in a game of craps, while theplayer is playing a game of blackjack.

In various embodiments, a player may wish to verify the authenticity ofrandom events which determine the outcomes and payouts of the player'sgame. For example, if the player repeatedly loses games, the player maycome to suspect that the outcomes of his games where not generatedfairly. The player may therefore wish to receive some assurance that theoutcomes were, in fact, generated fairly.

In various embodiments, a player may request to see verification of anoutcome, payout, and/or result of a random event. The player may use oneor more input keys, buttons, or devices to request authentication. Forexample, an area on the touch screen of a player's mobile gaming devicemay include a button. The button may be labeled “authenticate”, “verifygame outcome”, “check outcome”, “view source of outcome”, or otherlabels. The player may touch the button in order to view or otherwisereceive information about the outcome, payout and/or result of his game.

In some embodiments, video may be generated depicting the manner bywhich random events generated the results used in the player's game. Forexample, when random events are used to generate results, the events maybe filmed. For example, the rolling of dice may be filmed. As anotherexample, the dealing of cards may be filmed. The film may be stored,e.g., as a digital file in a database of the casino. The film may beindexed or otherwise labeled in such a way that it is associated with aparticular result or event. For example, the file name of a video filemay be “Event 93048200 of Dec. 13, 2010”.

In various embodiments, a player may request to see video depicting therandom events which generated the results used in the player's game. Theplayer may then be shown the video. The video may show cards beingdealt, dice being rolled, roulette wheels being spun, or whatever wasthe source of the results that led to the outcome of the player's game.The video may be transmitted from the casino server to the player'smobile gaming device, for example. The mobile gaming device may show thevideo to the player on its display screen.

Variable Inputs to Outcome Generators

In various embodiments, a machine, device, or other entity thatgenerates random outcomes may be under the control of a player. Thecontrol may be either direct or indirect. For example, a player may havethe opportunity to physically spin a roulette wheel so as to generate arandom roulette outcome. For example, the player may have theopportunity to physically jostle a basket with dice so as to generate anew roll of the dice. A player may exert indirect control over a machinethat generates random outcomes by sending commands to the machine.Commands may be sent via a terminal, such as via a mobile device. Forexample, a player may press a button at a remote terminal that instructsa machine-controlled roulette wheel to spin. The remote terminal mayrelay the request of the player to the casino server. The casino servermay, in turn, instruct the machine controlling the roulette wheel tospin the roulette wheel.

In various embodiments, a player may not only issue commands to generatean outcome, but may also issue commands as to how the outcome should begenerated. The player may specify, for example, a degree of physicalforce that will be applied with an outcome generating device. Forexample, a player may specify that speed (e.g., in terms of revolutionsper second) with which a roulette wheel will be spun. A player mayspecify that amount of time that a basket with dice will be shakenbefore the dice are allowed to come to rest. A player may specify theamount of time cards must be shuffled before they can be dealt. Thus, invarious embodiments, a player may specify inputs that fall along a rangeof possible inputs. For example, the speed or the force with which aroulette wheel is spun may vary over a continuous range. The player mayspecify a speed or force. The player may specify a force using a dial, amouse, or another input device which can provide a continuous range ofinputs. For example, a player may use a mouse to manipulate the level ofa bar on a display screen of the terminal. If the bar is at a highlevel, then a roulette wheel will be spun with a high initial speed. Ifthe bar is at a low level, then the bar will be spun with a low initialspeed.

In various embodiments, a player's status may determine what kind ofcontrol he is allowed to exert over an outcome generating device. Forexample, in various embodiments, if a player is a high-roller (e.g., ifthe player places more than a predetermined total amount of wagers pervisit to a casino), then the player may be allowed to define a variableinput into an outcome generating device. However, a player who is not ahigh-roller may be allowed only to tell a device whether or not togenerate an outcome.

Index of Gaming Data

In various embodiments one or more statistics may be used to summarize aset of games, outcomes, player earnings, or other occurrences at acasino. The statistic may be called an index. Thus, for example, theremay be a “Roulette Red Index” which summarizes the proportion of thetime that roulette wheels across the casino have landed on red in agiven time period. There may be a “Blackjack Index” which summarizes theproportion of times that a Blackjack has been dealt to a player acrossthe casino. Other indexes may summarize data about: (a) the number oftimes a particular outcome has occurred (e.g., the number of times the ajackpot outcome has occurred); (b) the amount of money one or moreplayers have won (e.g., the average amount of money slot machine playershave won in the last hour); (c) the number of times a particular symbolhas occurred (e.g., the number of times a “cherry” symbol has occurredat a bank of slot machines); (d) the number of times a particularintermediate outcome has occurred (e.g., the number of times aparticular starting hand of video poker has occurred); (e) the number oftimes a player has achieved a certain hand (e.g., the number of times aplayer of Texas Hold'em has achieved a full-house; e.g., the number oftimes a player at blackjack has achieved a point total of 20); (f) thenumber of times a dealer has achieved a certain outcome (e.g., thenumber of times a dealer has achieved a point total of 20 in a game ofblackjack); (h) the number of times a particular score has been reachedin a game of sports (e.g., in a game of sports on which players can betin a sports book); (i) the number of number of players who have won morethan $100; and so on. An index may summarize data from a given timeperiod, such as from the current day. For example, an index maysummarize the proportion of times that a seven has been rolled on thefirst roll in craps during the current day. An index may summarize datain absolute numbers. For example, an index may describe the total numberof spins at a roulette wheel that have resulted in the number 12 duringthe current day. Such an index may be called the “12” index, forexample. An index may summarize data as a proportion. The index mayindicate a ratio of the occurrence of one outcome to the occurrence ofanother outcome. The index may indicate the ratio of the occurrence ofone outcome to a number of games played. For example, an index value of2.7% may indicate that the number 12 has occurred in 2.7% of roulettespins during the current day.

In various embodiments, an index may summarize data from a particulararea of a casino. For example, an index may summarize player winningsfrom the first floor of a casino, or from a particular bank of slotmachines. An index may summarize data from a particular type of machine.An index may summarize data from slot machines. An index may summarizedata from video poker machines. An index may summarize data from tablegames. An index may summarize data from progressive slot machines. Anindex may summarize data from video slot machines.

In various embodiments, an index may include a weighting of certainevents, games, or outcomes over others. An outcome may be weighteddepending on the number of bets that have been placed on it. Forexample, if the number 17 occurs at a roulette wheel with 5 peopleplaying, the “17” index may increase by 5 times as much as does the “8”index when it occurs at another roulette wheel at which only one personis betting. In various embodiments, game or outcome may be weighted inthe index based on the size of the wager placed on the game or index.For example, if a person bets $100 and receives a blackjack, a“blackjack” index may go up by 10 times as much as it would when aperson places a $10 bet and receives a blackjack. A game or outcome mayalso be weighted according to the size of one or more payouts that arepossible in the game. For example, an outcome at a game which has ajackpot of $10,000 may receive twice the weighting as does an outcomewhich has a jackpot of $5,000.

In various embodiments, there may be an index associated with aparticular player. For example, a primary player may have an index. Asecondary player may decide whether or not to participate in the gamesof the primary player based on the level of the index.

In some embodiments, there may be an index for a group of players. Forexample, there may be an index for all players within a certain agerange, for all people from a certain geographic location, for all peopleof a certain gender, for all people that prefer a particular type ofgame (e.g., blackjack), and so on. In some embodiments, there may be anindex for groups of players based on their amounts wagered. For example,a “large cap” index may summarize statistics about players who bet $25or more per game. A “small cap” index may summarize statistics about allother players.

Improved Odds and Commission

In various embodiments, a player may be given improved payout odds on agame in return for paying a fixed commission. For example, in a game ofroulette, a player who has bet $1 on a winning number might typicallyreceive his $1 back plus an additional $35. In some embodiments, thepayout for achieving a winning number in a game of roulette mightincrease to $37. In this way, a player could expect to lose $1 withprobability 37/38, and to make $37 with probability 1/38, assuming anAmerican roulette wheel with 38 spaces on it. The player would thus haveexpected winnings and expected losses of 0, making the bet a bet withtrue odds. However, in general, a casino may wish to maintain a houseadvantage on a bet so as to generate profits for the casino.Accordingly, the casino may offer a payout of $37 when the player wins,but may charge the player a $2 commission whenever the player wins.Thus, the casino may maintain a house advantage by charging a commissioneven though the bet was made at true odds.

Thus, in various embodiments, a player may place a bet with true odds.In other words, a player may place a bet such that his expectation fromthe game is zero. However, for one or more outcomes, the player may owea commission to the casino. The commission may be deducted from theamount paid in a winning outcome.

In various embodiments, a player may make a bet with a positiveexpectation. In other words, the player may make a bet such that theplayer has an advantage, i.e., such that the player can expect to win,on average, more than the amount of his bet. However, the house mayprofit from the game by charging a commission to play the game. Thecommission may exceed the amount that the player might expect to profitfrom the game. For example, a player may make a $1 bet in a game inwhich the player can expect to win $1.05, on average. Thus, the playerhas an advantage in the game. However, the casino may charge the playera $0.10 commission to play the game. Thus, accounting for thecommission, the casino will still be able to profit from the game, onaverage.

In some embodiments, a player may make a bet in a game in which theplayer is guaranteed to win back more than the amount of his bet. Forexample, if the player places a bet of $1, the player may be guaranteedto win back at least $1.05, for a net profit of $0.05. However, theplayer may be charged a commission for the game. For example, thecommission may be equal to $1.05. The commission may serve to make thegame profitable for the casino when the commission is taken intoaccount.

Displaying Data

Any data generated or gathered at a casino or from any other source maybe displayed to one or more players. The data may also be displayed forviewing by one or more casino representatives. Data may also becommunicated in other ways, such as through announcements over a publicaddress system, or such as over radio waves. As described herein, thedata displayed may include data about historical outcomes, summarystatistics, data about the performance of one or more players, dataabout the performance of one or more gaming devices, data about theperformances of one or more dealers, data about the size of one or morejackpots, data about data trends, data about one or more outcomes, dataabout one or more historical outcomes, and so on.

Data may be displayed in a number of areas. Data may be displayed: (a)on the display screens of gaming devices (e.g., on the display screensof gaming devices that are not currently in use); (b) on wall-mountedmonitors; (c) on electronic signs; (d) on walls, ceilings, or otherservices via projection displays; (e) on the screens of terminals atwhich secondary players participate in games; (f) on the screens ofmobile devices; (g) on the televisions screens of hotel-roomtelevisions; (h) on display screens inside elevators; and so on. Data orrepresentations of data (e.g., graphs, tables, etc.) may be printed onpaper or other materials, and may be distributed or otherwise madeavailable. Data may be printed on restaurant menus. For example, arestaurant menu may feature the name of the primary player who won themost consecutive games of blackjack during the day. Data may be postedon signs located above gaming devices. For example, a sign above agaming device may indicate that the gaming device has paid out more than$2000 in the past 24 hours. Data may be displayed on signs located abovebanks of gaming devices. For example, above a bank of gaming devices, asign may indicate the name of the player who has had the best record ofwinnings at the bank of gaming devices within the past 24 hours.

In various embodiments, data gathered or recorded may be made availableon a network, such as on the Internet. A person may access the data bygoing to a particular address on the network, such as to a particularUniform Resource Locator (URL) address. The address may contain dataviewable in a particular format, such as in HTML format. The data may beaccessible by an Internet browser, such as via Internet Explorer®. Invarious embodiments, data may be accessible through various links. Eachlink may lead to a different address on the network. A given link mayprovide access to data of a certain type. For example, a given link maylead to data about individual players' performances. Another link mightprovide access to data about the performances of gaming devices. Anotherlink might provide access to data about the performance of a dealer. Invarious embodiments, a first link might lead to data gathered at a firstcasino (e.g., data about games at the first casino) and a second linkmight lead to data gathered at a second casino.

In various embodiments, a casino that is associated with a hotel mighttransmit gaming data over one or more television channels. For example,a channel on a cable television system might be devoted to providing ordisplaying casino data. In some embodiments, a first channel might bedevoted to a first type of data, a second channel to a second type ofdata, and so on. For example, a first channel might display data aboutthe outcomes generated at a set of blackjack tables. A second channelmight display data bout the outcomes generated at a set of roulettetables.

In various embodiments, data may be displayed with a certain prominenceif the data is of a certain level of significance. For example, a casinomay contain a large sign in a central location that is widely visiblethroughout the casino. The sign may be used to display only the mostsignificant data. For example, the sign may display the last ten peopleto have won more than $1000. The casino may contain further signs inless prominent locations. For example a digital sign may be visible onlyin the general area of a particular bank of slot machines. The sign maydisplay the names of the last ten players to win more than $100 at thebank of slot machines. Thus, in various embodiments, data may bedisplayed at a particular location if the data has been gathered in thevicinity, such as at nearby gaming devices or table games.

In various embodiments, deductions or conclusions based on data may bedisplayed. For example, suppose that during the last 15 minutes,blackjack players across a casino have won 60% of the blackjack gamesplayed. The deduction may be made that blackjack players in general areon a hot streak. Thus, a message may be displayed (e.g., on a sign;e.g., on the screen of a mobile device; e.g., on the screen of aterminal) that blackjack players are hot. Examples of other messagesinclude, “Dealer Joe Smith is dealing great hands tonight”, “Sue Bakeris having the night of her life”, “Red is the in color at roulette”,“Billy Bob just won a doozy of a jackpot at slots”, “Sue Smith is goinghome rich tonight”, and so on.

In various embodiments, data may be printed on pamphlets, receipts, orother paper document or material. A player or other person may desire acertain type of data. For example, a player may wish to have a record ofhis own outcomes for a period of time. For example, a player may wish tohave a record of all the hands of video poker he has been dealtthroughout the day. Accordingly, the player may request such a record.For example, the player might go to a casino cage and provideidentification (e.g., in the form of a player tracking card). The casinocage may access data stored about the player on the casino server. Thecasino may then print out data about the player's outcomes from the day.The casino may then provide the player with the records. In variousembodiments, a first person might wish to have a record of data aboutone or more other people. For example, the person might want a pamphletshowing the results of the top 100 players at the casino for the day.The pamphlet might show a name or alias of each of the 100 peopletogether with an amount won by each person. In various embodiments, aperson might want a record about a particular machine, a particulardealer, a particular sector of a casino, a particular gaming table, or aparticular group of people. The record may contain data about therequested people, device, or entity, such data including outcomesachieved, winnings, losses, number of games won in a row, number ofgames lost in a row, strategy used, and so on.

In various embodiments, an alert may be generated based on events oroutcomes that occur in a game or at a casino. For example, a secondaryplayer may wish to be alerted when any primary player has won more than5 games in a row at a slot machine. Accordingly, the casino server, thedevice of the secondary player (e.g., a mobile gaming device), or anyother device, may track data as it is received (e.g., from gamingdevices). The casino server may process the data and determine whetheralert criteria have been met. For example, the casino server maydetermine whether a win for a primary player constitutes a fifthconsecutive win by examining data from the most recent game of theprimary player plus data from the four prior games of the primaryplayer. If all of the games were winning games for the primary player,then the casino server may generate an alert for the secondary player.An alert may take the form of a message transmitted to a secondaryplayer. For example, a text message may pop up on the screen of a mobilegaming device of the secondary player. An alert may also be displayed orbroadcast for a wider audience. For example, an alert may be broadcaston an electronic sign hanging in a casino. An alert may also bebroadcast over radio or other channel for audio broadcasts.

Trends

In various embodiments, a trend may comprise a set of games or outcomesthat have a common characteristic and which occur proximate in timeand/or which occur consecutively. Common characteristics of outcomes mayinclude: (a) the outcomes are all the same; (b) the outcomes have one ormore common symbols; (c) the outcomes have the same associated payout;(d) the outcomes have a positive associated payout; (d) the outcome allhave a payout above a certain level (e.g., above 10 units); (e) theoutcomes all lead to bonus rounds; (f) the outcomes are all losingoutcomes; (g) the outcomes are all winning outcomes; (h) the outcomesare all near-misses; and so on. Common characteristics of games mayinclude: (a) the games have the same outcome; (b) the games have thesame payout; (c) the games have a common intermediate outcome (e.g.,games of video poker all start out with three cards to a flush); (d) thegames all have winning payouts; (e) the games all have losing payouts;(f) the games each contain multiple winning outcomes; (g) the games allreached bonus rounds; (h) the games were all near-misses, and so on.

In various embodiments, a player may bet that a trend will continue. Aplayer may bet that an outcome which will be generated in the futurewill share a common characteristic with a set of outcomes that had beengenerated in the past. For example, a player may bet that the sameoutcome which has occurred in the last five games at a craps table(e.g., the pass line has won) will occur in the sixth game. For example,a player may bet that a point total that a dealer has achieved in thelast 5 games of blackjack (e.g., a point total of 18) will be achievedby a dealer in the next game of blackjack. In various embodiments, aplayer may bet that a trend will continue for a particular length oftime. For example, a player may bet that a trend will continue for threemore games. A player may bet on the exact number of games for which atrend will continue. For example, a player may bet that a trend willcontinue for the next two games before the trend is broken. A player maybet on a minimum number of games for which a trend will continue. Forexample, a player may bet that a trend will continue for a minimum ofthe next five games. A player may also bet on the maximum number ofgames that a trend will continue. For example, a player may bet that atrend will continue for no more than 3 games. In various embodiments, aplayer may bet that a trend will not continue. The player may bet thatan outcome which will be generated in the future will not share a commoncharacteristic with a set of outcomes that had been generated in thepast.

In various embodiments, a player may bet on the continuance ordiscontinuance of a trend that had occurred in the past. For example, asecondary player may find a series of consecutive games of rouletteplayed by a primary player in which the outcome was red for 10consecutive games. The secondary player may not be informed of theresults of the game following the 10 consecutive games of red. However,the results of the 11^(th) game may be on record (e.g., in a memory ofthe casino server). The secondary player may then place a bet on thecontinuance of the trend. For example, the secondary player may place abet that the 11^(th) game also resulted in a red outcome. For example,the secondary player may place a bet that the next five games alsoresulted in a red outcome. The secondary player may also bet on thediscontinuance of the trend. For example, the secondary player may betthat the 11^(th) game would not result in a red outcome.

In various embodiments, a trend may describe a number of consecutivewins or a number of consecutive losses. The consecutive wins or lossesmay represent those of a player, those of a dealer, those of aparticular gaming device and/or those of a particular type of game. Forexample, a statistic may describe the number of consecutive games thathave been won at a particular slot machine, regardless of who has playedthose games. For example, a statistic may describe the number ofconsecutive games that a dealer has won at a blackjack table. A player,such as a secondary player, may bet on the continuance or thediscontinuance of a trend of consecutive winnings and losses. Forexample, a secondary player may bet that a primary player who has justlost 10 games in a row will lose the 11^(th) game in a row. For example,a secondary player may bet that a craps game will end up with thepass-line bet losing even though the pass-line bet has won for the past10 games.

In various embodiments, a trend may describe a regular pattern ofcharacteristics among a series of outcomes. The pattern ofcharacteristics need not be such that each outcome has the samecharacteristic. Rather, the pattern may indicate a regularly varying setof characteristics. For example, a trend may consist of a series ofoutcomes at a roulette wheel such that every second outcome is a redoutcome, and every outcome between red outcomes is a black outcome. Inother words, the trend represents a pattern whereby after each redoutcome a black outcome occurs, and after each black outcome a redoutcome occurs. A player, such as a secondary player, may bet on thecontinuance of such a trend. For example, if the most recent outcome hasbeen a red outcome, then the player may bet that the next outcome willbe a black outcome. A player may bet that such a trend will continue formultiple outcomes. For example, a player may bet that outcomes willalternate between red and black for the next 10 consecutive outcomes.

In various embodiments, a trend may include any pattern. A player maybet on the continuance or discontinuance of any pattern. The player maybet that a pattern will continue for any number of games in the future,or that the pattern will discontinue at a designated point in thefuture. A payout provided to a player who has bet correctly may dependon the nature of the pattern and on the number of games or outcomes intothe future that the player has bet the pattern will continue. Forexample, a winning player who has bet that a pattern will continuerelatively far into the future may receive a higher payout than does aplayer who has bet that a pattern will continue one or only a few gamesinto the future. For example, if each outcome that would continue apattern is a relatively rare outcome (e.g., the player has bet that apattern of green outcomes occurring will continue at a roulette wheel),then the player may receive a larger payout than does a player who betson the continuation of a pattern with relatively common outcomes (e.g.,a pattern of blackjack games where the dealer wins).

In various embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a trend or patternin the winnings of a primary player. For example, a secondary player maybet that a primary player will have positive net winnings for each ofthe next four five-minute periods. The primary player may have achievedpositive net winnings for the prior 10 five-minute periods, or thesecondary player may simply be betting on a new trend occurring. Invarious embodiments, a secondary player may bet on a trend in a primaryplayer's balance or bankroll. For example, a secondary player may betthat a primary player's bankroll will increase in every ten minuteperiod for the next hour. In various embodiments, a secondary player maybet on a see-saw trend in the winnings or in the bankroll of a primaryplayer. For example, a secondary player may bet that the bankroll of aprimary player will increase in the next five-minute period, decrease inthe following five-minute period, then increase in the followingfive-minute period, and so on. In various embodiments, a secondaryplayer may bet that the bankroll of a primary player (or the bankroll ofanother secondary player) will reach certain points, one after theother. There may, however, be no particular designated time period whenthe bankroll has to reach the points. For example, a secondary playermay bet that the bankroll of a primary player will reach 100, then willreach 50, then will reach 150, then will reach 25, then will reach 155,and so on. The secondary player may win if the primary player's bankrollreaches those points in order. However, the secondary player may losehis bet if the bankroll of the primary player reaches the points out oforder. For example, the secondary player may lose his bet if the primaryplayer's bankroll reaches 155 before it reaches 25. Embodimentsdescribed herein with respect to a bankroll may also apply to a balanceat a gaming device, to an amount of chips at a gaming table, to anamount of net winnings, and so on. For example, a secondary player maybet that the net winnings of a primary player will reach a first point,followed by a second point, followed by a third point, and so on.

Sports

In various embodiments, data may be gathered for sports. For example,data may include a sports score, a number of yards rushed by aparticular player in a game of football, a number of runs hit by aparticular baseball player, a number of aces served by a tennis player,a number under par achieved by a golf player, and so on. Data may beaggregated over various games. For example, the total runs hit by anyplayer in major league baseball during a particular day may be added upand may define the value of a statistic. A secondary player may bet onvalues of the statistic. Other exemplary data may include the number ofpunches connected in a boxing match, the number or three-pointers shotin a game of basketball, the number of collisions in a car race, and soon.

Secondary Player Chooses a Characteristic of a Game

In various embodiments, a secondary player may designate a category fora game of a primary player in which to participate, such that a gamefalling into the category has certain characteristics. The game may be agame with a certain beginning state. The game may be a game for whichcertain resolutions have occurred for events in the game. In someembodiments, a secondary player may designate a particular starting handor category of starting hand in a game of video poker. For example, asecondary player may designate a hand that includes three cards of thesame rank. Accordingly, the casino server may search for a game of aprimary player which has featured a starting hand with three cards ofthe same rank. In some embodiments, the secondary player may designate aparticular starting point total in a game of blackjack. Accordingly, thecasino server may search for a game of a primary player which hasfeatured a starting hand with the particular starting point total. Forexample, a secondary player may designate a particular dealer up-card ina game of blackjack. Accordingly, the casino server may search for agame of a primary player in which the designated dealer up-card has beendealt. In some embodiments, a secondary player may designate a categoryof game at a slot machine in which a “cherry” symbol has occurred on thefirst reel of the slot machine. Accordingly, the casino server maysearch for a game of a primary player in which a “cherry” symbol hasoccurred on the first reel of the slot machine. In various embodiments,a secondary player may place a constraint on games in which he wishes toparticipate. The casino server may then find one or more games for thesecondary player meeting such constraints. In some embodiments, thesecondary player may place a constraint such that the primary player haswon at least X amount in the game. In some embodiments, the secondaryplayer may place a constraint on the game such that the primary playerhas received a particular card in the game. As will be appreciated, manyother constraints may be placed on the game.

Adjusting Game Rules for a Game that has been Chosen for a ParticularCharacteristic

In various embodiments, a category of game that a secondary player hasdesignated may have an increased likelihood of ending with a particularoutcome than does a game chosen purely at random. In variousembodiments, a category of game that a secondary player has designatedmay have an increased likelihood of ending with a particular outcomethan does a game started from scratch. For example, if a secondaryplayer indicates a desire to participate in a slot machine game wherethe first symbol is “cherry”, then the secondary player may be morelikely to finish the game with a winning outcome than he would be had heparticipated in a game started from scratch. For example, if a secondaryplayer indicates a desire to participate in a video poker game where theinitial hand contains three cards of the same rank, then the secondaryplayer is guaranteed, if he so desires, to finish the game withthree-of-a-kind.

Thus, in various embodiments, when a secondary player has theopportunity to participate in a certain category of game designated bythe secondary player, the secondary player may derive an increasedadvantage in the game, all else being equal. For example, the secondaryplayer may assure that he will participate in a winning game bydesignating a category of game that will always be winning. In variousembodiments, the house may alter a game chosen according to a secondaryplayer's designation in such a way as to increase the house advantage inthe game. The house may alter the game in such a way as to provide thehouse with an equal or approximately equal advantage to what the housewould have had if a game had been started from scratch. For example, ifthe house normally has an advantage of 5% in a slot machine game, and asecondary player chooses to play a particular game in which a “cherry”symbol will occur on the first reel, then the house may alter theprobabilities of various subsequent symbols, payouts associated with oneor more outcomes, or required bet amounts in such a way as to maintainthe house advantage for the game near 5%.

In some embodiments, a secondary player may choose a constraint on agame. For example, a secondary player may apply a constraint on a gamesuch that the game must be a game of blackjack in which the initial handhas a point total of 11. The house may make an alteration to the gamesuch that the probabilities of various outcomes of the games shift inthe favor of the house. For example, in the aforementioned example of ablackjack game in which the initial primary player hand has a pointtotal of 11, the house may alter the remaining portion of the deck ofcards by removing all ten-valued cards. This may shift the advantagetowards the house (though not necessarily make the house the favorite)because it would lessen the player's chance of achieving 21 points andwould also lessen the dealer's chance of busting. Thus, the house mayhave made an alteration to the game that decreases the player's chanceof achieving a particular outcome or category of outcome. At the sametime, the alteration may increase the player's chance of achieving aparticular outcome or category of outcome (e.g., a hand with less than a21 point total). In various embodiments, the house may make analteration to a game in order to increase or decrease the probability ofone or more outcomes. In various embodiments, the house may alter aprobability directly (e.g., by changing probabilities used in a randomnumber generator used to create game outcomes), or may make analteration which has the effect of altering a probability of an outcome(e.g., the house adds or removes cards from a deck of cards which hasthe effect of changing the probability of an outcome).

In some embodiments, a payout associated with an outcome may change. Forexample, suppose a secondary player indicates a desire to participate ina game in which the point total for the primary player's initial handwas 11. In response, the house may reduce the payout associated with aplayer win. Rather than paying $10, for example, a winning outcome mayonly pay $10.

In some embodiments, a required bet amount may change. For example,suppose a secondary player wishes to participate in a slot machine gamein which the first two symbols are “bell” symbols. Rather than requiringthe secondary player to bet $1, as might be typical for the game, thehouse may require the secondary player to bet $5. Meanwhile, the payoutsmay not change vis-à-vis a game in which the secondary player set noparticular constraint.

In some embodiments, a rule of the game may change. For example, asecondary player wishes to participate in a game of blackjack in whichthe dealer begins with a point total of 13. A rule may change whichallows the dealer to make any decision at any time, including hittingwith an 18 if a player has a 19. By changing a rule of a game, the housemay effectively alter the probabilities of one or more outcomes.

In some embodiments, a payout ratio may change. For example, aparticular outcome may pay 5 to 1 given a constraint imposed by asecondary player, whereas ordinarily the same outcome might pay 20 to 1.

In various embodiments, changes made to rules, probabilities, payouts,and payout ratios may favor the player. For example, the secondaryplayer may apply a constraint to a game which is unfavorable to thesecondary player. For example, the secondary player may indicate adesire to participate in a game of blackjack where he begins with apoint total of 15, with no aces. Such a starting hand is considered abad hand and significantly lowers the secondary player's chances ofwinning. According, for example, a payout associated with a player winmay be increased so as to compensate the secondary player for thedisadvantageous starting hand.

In various embodiments, a secondary player may indicate desired odds forachieving one or more outcomes in a game. In various embodiments, asecondary player may indicate desired odds for achieving any of a set ofoutcomes, such as desired odds for achieving any winning outcome. Forexample, a secondary player may indicate that he wants his odds ofachieving a winning outcome to be 1:2, i.e., he wishes to achieve onewinning outcome for every two losing outcomes, on average. The casinomay accordingly select a set of games of a primary player such thatwithin the set of games, there is one winning game for every two losinggames. The casino may then randomly select a game from among the set ofgames and allow the secondary player to participate in the selectedgame. In various embodiments, the casino may adjust or determine apayout of an outcome of a game in response to the secondary playerselecting the odds for an outcome of the game. Note that the payoutadjustment need not necessarily occur for the same outcome for which thesecondary player has selected odds. For example, the secondary playermay indicate desired odds for a first outcome and the casino may adjustthe payout for a second outcome. In various embodiments, the casino mayadjust the payout for one or more outcomes so as to counteract theadvantage that the secondary player may obtain from selecting the oddsof an outcome. For example, if the secondary player indicates desiredodds for achieving an outcome, where such odds are greater than thestandard or typical odds of achieving such outcome, then the casino mayreduce a payout for one or more outcomes from what the typical payoutwould be. If a secondary player indicates desired odds for an outcome,where such odds work to the secondary player's disadvantage (e.g., thesecondary player has indicated desired odds for a winning outcome thatare less than the typical odds for the winning outcome) then the casinomay change a payout associated with one or more outcomes in thesecondary player's favor, e.g., the casino may increase one or morepayouts. In some embodiments, the casino may adjust one or more payoutsso as to maintain a constant or near constant house advantage. Forexample, the casino may change payouts so as to assure that the houseadvantage after adjustments in the odds of an outcome and in payouts isnearly the same as the house advantage was before the adjustments inodds and payouts. In some embodiments, if the secondary player indicatesa desire for increased odds of a first outcome, then the casino maydecrease the odds of a second outcome. For example, the casino may finda set of games of a primary player in which the first outcome occursmore than usual, but in which the second outcome occurs less than usual.The casino may then select a game at random from the set of games so asto allow the secondary player to participate. It will be appreciatedthat in the embodiments described herein, the secondary player couldjust as readily indicate a desired probability for one or more outcomesinstead of indicating desired odds. It will be appreciated that a simplemathematical transformation can transform odds into probabilities, andvice versa.

In various embodiments, a secondary player may indicate desired payoutfor an outcome. For example, the secondary player may indicate a desirefor a payout that is greater than the payout ordinarily associated withthe outcome. Accordingly, the casino may adjust the probability of theoutcome occurring. For example, the casino may reduce the probability ofthe outcome occurring. In various embodiments, the casino may reduce theprobability of an outcome by selecting a pool of games of one or moreprimary players in which the outcome has occurred less frequently thanwould ordinarily be expected. The casino may then select a game atrandom from among the pool of games and allow the secondary player toparticipate in the selected game. In various embodiments, the casino mayadjust the probability of an outcome that is different from the outcomewhose payout the secondary player has asked to be adjusted. For example,the secondary player may indicate that he wishes to increase the payoutfor a first outcome. The casino may then adjust the probability of asecond outcome. The second outcome may be a winning outcome. In variousembodiments, the casino may make an adjustment to the probability ofoccurrence of one or more outcomes so as to counteract adjustments madeto payouts in the secondary player's favor. In various embodiments, thecasino seeks to maintain the same or nearly the same house advantagebefore and after any adjustments made by the secondary player and thehouse. For example, if a house advantage is ordinarily 5% for a game,then the house may seek to counteract any adjustments made to payouts bythe secondary player so as to maintain the house advantage for the gameat 5%.

In various embodiments, a secondary player may set a payout, aprobability, and/or odds using a dial. The dial may allow the secondaryplayer to adjust a setting along a continuum or near continuum byturning the dial to the appropriate degree. The secondary player mightalso use a scroll bar, a mouse, an arrow key, or any other input devicein order to indicate a setting. In response to the secondary playeradjusting a first setting, the house may adjust a second setting so as,for example, to maintain a constant house advantage. The house mayadjust a setting for a probability by selecting an appropriate pool ofgames of a primary player such that a frequency of occurrence of one ormore outcomes is equal to a desired frequency. The house may adjust apayout by simply providing a different payout than is typical in theevent of the occurrence of a particular outcome.

In various embodiments, the house may change the odds of one or moreoutcomes by altering the composition of a deck of cards. For example,the house may add or remove cards from a deck of cards. In someembodiments, a secondary player may designate a particular category ofstarting hand of a game. For example, in a game of blackjack, asecondary player may indicate a desire to start with a point total of18. The house may adjust the composition of the unused portion of thedeck in response. For example, the house may add cards with rank threeto the deck in order to lessen the dealer's chances of busting.

In some embodiments, a secondary player may indicate a desired startinghand for both the secondary player and for the dealer. For example, thesecondary player may indicate a starting point total for the secondaryplayer and the secondary player may indicate a particular up-card forthe dealer. In some embodiments, the secondary player may indicate astarting hand for the secondary player and a complete starting hand forthe dealer. In some embodiments, the secondary player may indicate astarting hand plus an additional card for the secondary player. Forexample, the secondary player may indicate a starting hand with twonines plus an additional card of a 10 (e.g., after the secondary hassplit his initial two cards). In some embodiments, a secondary playermay indicate a starting hand for the dealer plus an additional card. Insome embodiments, a secondary player may indicate any sequence ofinitial cards for the primary player and/or any sequence of initialcards for the dealer. The secondary player may specify a point total, anumber of cards, the ranks of cards, particular cards (e.g., both rankand suit) and so on. For any indications provided by the secondaryplayer, the casino may search for a game of a primary player that suitsthe indications. For example, if the secondary player has indicated adesire to participate in a game where a primary player has a startingpoint total of 18, then the house may search for a game of a primaryplayer with the starting point total of 18.

Records of Performance

In various embodiments, a viewable record may be created for a primaryplayer. The record may include historical performance metrics for theprimary player. The record may constitute a profit and loss statementfor the primary player. The record may include an indication of anamount won by the primary player over a certain period of time. Therecord may include an indication of an amount lost by the primary playerover a certain period of time. The record may include an indication of atotal amount wagered by the primary player over a certain period oftime. The time period covered by the record may be: (a) a particularhour; (b) a particular day; (c) a particular week; (d) a particularweekend; (e) the duration of a primary player's stay at a casino; (f)the duration of a primary player's play session at a casino; (g) theduration of a primary player's session at a particular gaming device;and so on. The record may include a breakdown of performance metricsinto various categories. The record may show performance metrics by timeperiod, by wager amount, by gaming device, by dealer, by casino, by typeof gaming device (e.g., reel slot machine versus video slot machine), orby any other category. For example, the record may include a first setof data describing the primary player's winnings at blackjack during thelast day, a second set of data describing the primary player's winningsat video poker during the last day, a third set of data describing theprimary player's winnings at roulette during the last day, and so on. Insome embodiments, the record may include a listing of individual gamesplayed by a primary player (e.g., all games played by the primaryplayer). The listing may include data associated with each game,including an amount wagered, an amount won, an amount lost, an outcomereceived, a time of the game, a decision made, an initial hand receivedin the game, a final hand received in the game, an action by a dealer, ahand of an opponent, a decision of an opponent, an amount raised, and soon. The listing may segregate games into different categories. Forexample, data about all games played at a slot machine may be listedtogether, while data about all games played at a table game may belisted together.

The record for a primary player may be viewable by the primary player.For example, the primary player may be able to call up a view of therecord on the screen of any gaming device, any terminal, any mobiledevice, any Internet connected device, and so on. The record may beprintable, for example, onto a cashless gaming ticket. In someembodiments, the record for a primary player may be viewable by asecondary player. For example, the secondary player may search for thename of a primary player and then view the record for the primaryplayer.

In various embodiments, a primary player may specify limits. The limitsmay be visible in the record of the primary player. A limit may includea stop limit. The limit may force or encourage the primary player tostop playing if certain criteria are met. For example, the limit mayencourage the primary player to stop playing if he has lost $100. Invarious embodiments, an alert may be sent to a primary player onceperformance metrics of the primary player meet certain criteria. Forexample, an alert might be sent to the primary player once the primaryplayer has accumulated winnings of $500. The alert may tell the primaryplayer that he wanted to stop playing once his winnings reached $500.

In some embodiments, a secondary player may receive an alert based onthe performance of a primary player. For example, the secondary playermay receive an alert when a primary player has won 10 games in a row,when a primary player has lost 10 games in a row, when a primaryplayer's fortunes have swung back and forth three times between winningsand losses, and/or when any other condition has been met. In variousembodiments, a secondary player may specify an alert condition. Thesecondary player may then be alerted if the alert condition is met. Forexample, once a primary player satisfies an alert condition, thesecondary player may be alerted that the primary player has satisfiedthe secondary player's alert condition. The secondary player may then begiven the opportunity to participate in the next game of the primaryplayer. A secondary player may be alerted if a primary player has justwon a large payout, if the primary player has won a designated number oflarge payouts in a particular period of time, if the primary player haswon more than a certain amount in the prior hour, and so on. A secondaryplayer may be alerted if a primary player has lost more than a certainamount in the last hour, if the secondary player has had more than 90%of his outcomes be losing outcomes in the last 30 minutes, if theprimary player has just had a near miss, and so on.

Data from One Game Used in Another

Various embodiments describe the use of data in a gaming context, suchas in the context of casino gaming, mobile gaming, charity bingo, oron-line gaming. In various embodiments, data generated in a first gamemay be used in a second game. For example, a set of data may begenerated in a first game. The set of data may be used to determine anoutcome of the first game. The same set of data may also be used todetermine an outcome of a second game. For example, in a game ofblackjack, 14 cards may be dealt. Data indicating the ranks and suits ofthe 14 cards may be recorded. Such data may later be used to conduct agame of video poker. In conducting the game of video poker, data about afirst 5 of the 14 cards may be presented to a player, leaving 9 cardsremaining. The player may select 3 discards, after which data about 3replacement cards may be presented to the player from the data about the9 cards remaining. In various embodiments, data in a first game may begenerated through physical means. Generation of data through physicalmeans may include generating data through a process that is not solelybased on the manipulation of electrons and photons. The generation ofdata through physical means may include the generating an outcome at aroulette wheel, the dealing of one or more cards from a deck of cards,the rolling of a die, or any other physical or partly physical process.The generation of data through physical means may include the generationof a roulette outcome through the manual spinning of a roulette wheel,e.g., by a casino employee. The generation of data through physicalmeans may include the generation of a roulette outcome through theautomatic spinning of a roulette wheel, e.g., by computer controlledmotors. The generation of data through physical means may include therolling of dice by a human, such as a craps player. The generation ofdata through physical means may include the rolling of diceautomatically, e.g., through the motorized spinning of a transparentenclosure containing dice.

In various embodiments, the outcomes and/or the resolutions of events ina first game may be used as inputs for generating outcomes and orresolutions of events in a second game. For example, the outcomes and/orresolutions of events in a first game may serve as random numbers foruse in an algorithm for generating outcomes and/or resolutions in asecond game. In some embodiments, the outcomes and/or resolutions ofevents in a first game may be directly used as outcomes or resolutionsin a second game (e.g., without any further transformations). In variousembodiments, a first game may include a game of a player or a game thathas been conducted automatically (e.g., without participation by anyplayer). In various embodiments, a first game may include a game whereoutcomes or resolutions have been generated through physical processes(e.g., as opposed to electronic processes). For example, the first gamemay include outcomes or resolutions that have been generated through aroll of dice, through a spin of a roulette wheel, through the dealing ofcards, or through any other physical process.

Readers

Data may be recorded from a first game in various ways. In someembodiments, a human may manually enter data from a game. For example, acasino employee may use a key board to key in the numbers 4 and 3,representing the numbers rolled on two dice in a game of craps. In someembodiments, a sensor or reader may detect and record data from a game.A roulette reader may detect and record the spaces in which a rouletteball has landed following a spin of a roulette wheel. An exemplaryroulette sensing apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,193 toReinhardt, et al., entitled “Roulette wheel directional sensingapparatus”. U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,193 is hereby incorporated by reference.A card shoe may be equipped with sensors and/or algorithms for readingcards dealt from the shoe and determining data about the cards, such asrank and suit. An exemplary such card shoe is described in U.S. Pat. No.7,029,009 to Grauzer, et al., entitled “Playing card dealing shoe withautomated internal card feeding and card reading”. U.S. Pat. No.7,029,009 is hereby incorporated by reference. In various embodiments, acamera may capture images of a game being played. Data may be extractedfrom such images, including data about cards dealt, data about rolls ofdice, and data about a number generated at a roulette wheel. Such datamay be extracted using image processing algorithms, for example. U.S.Pat. No. 4,531,187 to Uhland, entitled “Game monitoring apparatus”describes a “means for optically monitoring the cards played” in a game.U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,187 is hereby incorporated by reference.

Camera

In various embodiments, a camera may record footage of a first gamebeing played. For example, a camera may record footage of dice beingrolled, of cards being dealt, of a roulette wheel being spun, and so on.In various embodiments, the footage may be stored. In variousembodiments, the footage may be stored in association with one or moretags or other data, including a date during which the filmed game wasplayed, a time during which the game was played, a game identifier, anidentifier for a player in the game (e.g., a player's name), anidentifier for a dealer in the game, a location of the game, a casino inwhich the game was played, an indication of the type of game beingplayed (e.g., blackjack; e.g.; craps), and so on. Subsequent to thevideo footage being recorded, a player involved in a second game mayindicate a desire to see the video footage. The player in the secondgame may be involved in a game that uses data from the game depicted inthe video footage. For example, the player involved in the second gamemay be involved in a game of video poker that uses the same cardsoriginally dealt in a game of blackjack. The player may desire to seefilm footage of the game of blackjack. The player may desire to see thefilm footage so as to verify that the cards dealt in the game ofblackjack, which are the same cards now being used in his own game, weredealt fairly. Any tags stored in association with the video footage mayaid the house or casino in retrieving the video footage upon a player'srequest. For example, data used in a second game may be tagged with anidentifier of a first game. A player in the second game may request tosee video footage of how that data was generated in the first game.Accordingly, a casino may search for video footage that is stored inassociation with the identifier. Any such video footage may then beretrieved and shown to the player in the second game.

Skins

In various embodiments, data generated in a first game may be used in asecond game. One or more algorithms may be used to transform the datafrom the first game into data suitable for use in the second game. Forexample, data from a first game may include number in a first range.Data suitable for use in a second game may include numbers in a secondrange. Accordingly, for example, data from the first range may be mappedto the second range using a mathematical transformation, such asmultiplication or division by a constant. For example, data from a firstgame may include data about cards dealt in the first game (e.g., thefirst game is game of blackjack). Such data may take the form ofnumbers, where the numbers 1 through 52 each represent a different cardin a standard deck of 52 cards. Data required for the second game mayinclude numerical data in the range of 1 to 6, since the second game maybe a dice game (e.g., craps). Accordingly, data from the range of 1 to52 may be mapped to data in the range of 1 to 6. The mapping may occuras follows. It will be appreciated that many other mappings arepossible. A number from 1 to 52 is completely discarded if the number is49, 50, 51, or 52. If a number is discarded, a second number is thenused (e.g., a number representing a different card that was dealt in thefirst game). If a number is not discarded, the number is divided byeight and the result is rounded up to the nearest integer. Thus, thenumber 1 will map to the number 1, the number 2 will map to the number1, the number 8 will map to the number 1, the number 9 will map to thenumber 2, the number 17 will map to the number 3, and the number 48 willmap to the number 6. A mapping has thus been accomplished from a game ofcards to a game of dice. Two or more cards may be used from the game ofcards (more than two cards may be needed if one of the cards isrepresented by a number greater than 48) to conduct a roll of dice in agame of craps.

Once data suitable for use in the second game is obtained, anappropriate skin may be used with the second game. The skin may includegraphics and play patterns that make the second game more familiar tothe player of the second game. For example, once data has been generatedwhich includes numbers between 1 and 6, the casino (or a device of thecasino, such as a gaming device) may be used to graphically render thegeneration of outcomes that corresponds to the data. For example, ifnumbers 3 and 6 have been generated as data suitable for a second game,the casino may show graphical depictions of the numbers 3 and 6 beingrolled on a pair of dice. Thus, the player may engage in a game ofcraps.

Note that in various embodiments, data used in a second game may bebased on data that has been derived from a first game which was playedin the past. Thus, the outcome of the second game may be pre-determined,in some sense. However, since the player of the second game may not befamiliar with the first game, or since the player may not be familiarwith the algorithm used to transform data from the first game into dataused in the second game, the player may be unable to take advantage ofadvanced knowledge of the outcome of the second game.

In various embodiments, data generated in a first game may be used in asecond game that is played on a gaming device. The gaming device may bea slot machine, video poker machine, video bingo machine, mobile gamingdevice (e.g., a mobile gaming device as defined by Nevada bill AB 471),and so on. In various embodiments, data generated in a first game may beused in a second game that is played over a network. Data generated in afirst game may be used in Internet gaming, such as in conducting asecond game at an on-line casino. Similarly, video footage from thefirst game may be available for a player who participates in the secondgame at the on-line casino. By viewing the video footage, the player maybecome more confident that the data being used in the second game wasgenerated fairly.

Auditing the Data Generated in the First Game

In various embodiments, data generated at a first game or a first seriesof games may be tested or audited to provide verification that the datais fair. In various embodiments, a test may be performed to verify thatthe data conforms to some statistical distribution. The statisticaldistribution may be a distribution that is generally thought to governin the one or more random processes used to generate the data. Forexample, a set of data may include data about 10,000 outcomes generatedat one of a group of roulette wheels, each roulette wheel having 38spaces. An applicable statistical distribution may predict that eachpossible outcome of the roulette wheel would occur approximately onceevery 38 outcomes, or approximately 263 times out of the data set of10,000 outcomes. Thus, a test of the data about the 10,000 outcomesmight test that each of the 38 possible outcomes of a roulette wheeloccurred approximately 263 times out of the 10,000 outcomes. The testsmay allow for some deviation. For example, it may be consideredacceptable for an outcome to occur from 213 to 313 times. However, if anoutcome occurs a number of times that is not between 213 and 313, thenthe data may be considered suspicious. Data may be required to pass oneor more tests, such as tests of statistical distribution, before thedata will be permitted to be used in a second game.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method comprising: controlling, by at least oneprocessor: transmitting a first display signal to cause display of aninteractive graphical user interface indicating a first set of cards ona display screen of a first remote device player in a first game ofpoker; transmitting a second display signal to cause display of a secondinteractive graphical user interface indicating a second set of cards ona display screen of a computer opponent to the first remote deviceplayer in the first game of poker; detecting a first wager of a firstamount of money from the first remote device player in the first game ofpoker; determining a plurality of expected winning amounts of money, inwhich each of the plurality of expected winning amounts of moneycorresponds to a respective one of a plurality of possible wagers basedon a current state of the first game of poker, in which the plurality ofpossible wagers includes different amounts of money being wagered;determining a second wager of a second amount of money to be placed bythe computer opponent to the first remote device player in the firstgame of poker, in which the second wager is determined (i) based on theplurality of expected winning amounts of money and (ii) so as to pursuea high paying outcome in the first game of poker even though winnings,of the plurality of expected winning amounts, would be optimized by notpursuing the high paying outcome; detecting a first action by the firstremote device player in the first game of poker; determining a secondaction to be taken by the computer opponent in the first game of poker;determining an outcome of the first game of poker; transmitting a thirddisplay signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating an outcome on the display screen of the firstremote device player; automatically identifying a second remote deviceplayer; tracking a current location of the first remote device playerbased on a real time location information signal from the first remotedevice player; comparing in real time the current location of the firstremote device player to at least one predetermined location of a secondgame of poker; while the current location of the first remote deviceplayer is determined to be proximate a given location of the at leastone predetermined location of the second game of poker, transmitting afourth display signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating a first alert that the current location of thefirst remote device player is proximate to the given location, of the atleast one predetermined location, of the second game of poker, on thedisplay screen of the first remote device player; transmitting a fifthdisplay signal to cause display of a third interactive graphical userinterface indicating a second alert that the first remote device playeris about to play the second game of poker, on a display screen of thesecond remote device player; detecting a second wager of a second amountof money from the second remote device player on an outcome of the firstremote device player; and determining an outcome of the second game ofpoker.
 3. The method of claim 2, in which the second action is an actionthat does not correspond to an expected winning amount of money of theplurality of expected winning amounts of money that is lower than ahighest of the plurality of expected winning amounts of money and isdetermined based on an emotional appeal.
 4. The method of claim 2, inwhich the second wager includes a choice to pursue a high paying outcomein the first game of poker even though winnings by the computer opponenthave an expected value that is highest by not pursuing the high payingoutcome.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: controlling, bythe at least one processor, determining a third wager of a third amountof money to be placed by the computer opponent to the first remotedevice player in the first game of poker, in which the third wager isdetermined (i) based on the plurality of expected winning amounts ofmoney and (ii) so that the third wager is expected to yield the highestof the plurality of expected winning amounts.
 6. The method of claim 2,in which the second action includes at least one of: a decision tocheck, a decision to raise, a decision to call, or a decision to fold.7. The method of claim 2, in which determining the second actionincludes determining the second action to follow a set of rules thatgovern actions of the computer opponent.
 8. The method of claim 7, inwhich the set of rules identify which action will be taken in eachpossible state of the first game of poker, and in which the secondaction is determined in response to the first game of poker being in astate that the set of rules associates with the second action.
 9. Themethod of claim 2, in which determining the second action includesapproximating human actions.
 10. The method of claim 2, in whichdetermining the second action includes determining the second actionbased on a programmed strategy that simulates a personality.
 11. Themethod of claim 2, in which the second action is determined based on anartificially intelligent algorithm that controls the computer opponent.12. The method of claim 2, further comprising controlling, by the atleast one processor, generating, an electronic signal to dispense apayment at a payment output device of the second remote device player.13. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor configured tocontrol: transmitting a first display signal to cause display of aninteractive graphical user interface indicating a first set of cards ona display screen of a first remote device player in a first game ofpoker; transmitting a second display signal to cause display of a secondinteractive graphical user interface indicating a second set of cards ona display screen of a computer opponent to the first remote deviceplayer in the first game of poker; detecting a first wager of a firstamount of money from the first remote device player in the first game ofpoker; determining a plurality of expected winning amounts of money, inwhich each of the plurality of expected winning amounts of moneycorresponds to a respective one of a plurality of possible wagers basedon a current state of the first game of poker, in which the plurality ofpossible wagers include different amounts of money being wagered;determining a second wager of a second amount of money to be placed bythe computer opponent to the first remote device player in the firstgame of poker, in which the second wager is determined (i) based on theplurality of expected winning amounts of money and (ii) so as to pursuea high paying outcome in the first game of poker even though winnings,of the plurality of expected winning amounts, would be optimized by notpursuing the high paying outcome; detecting a first action by the firstremote device player in the first game of poker; determining a secondaction to be taken by the computer opponent in the first game of poker;determining an outcome of the first game of poker; transmitting a thirddisplay signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating an outcome on the display screen of the firstremote device player; automatically identifying a second remote deviceplayer; tracking a current location of the first remote device playerbased on a real time location information signal from the first remotedevice player; comparing in real time the current location of the firstremote device player to at least one predetermined location of a secondgame of poker; while the current location of the first remote deviceplayer is determined to be proximate a given location of the at leastone predetermined location of the second game of poker, transmitting afourth display signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating a first alert that the current location of thefirst remote device player is proximate to the given location, of the atleast one predetermined location, of the second game of poker, on thedisplay screen of the first remote device player; transmitting a fifthdisplay signal to cause display of a third interactive graphical userinterface indicating a second alert that the first remote device playeris about to play the second game of poker, on a display screen of thesecond remote device player; detecting a second wager of a second amountof money from the second remote device player on an outcome of the firstremote device player; and determining an outcome of the second game ofpoker.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, in which the at least oneprocessor is configured to control determining a third wager of a thirdamount of money to be placed by the computer opponent to the firstremote device player in the first game of poker, in which the thirdwager is determined (i) based on the plurality of expected winningamounts of money and (ii) so that the third wager is expected to yieldthe highest of the plurality of expected winning amounts.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 14, in which the second action includes at least oneof: a decision to check, a decision to raise, a decision to call, or adecision to fold.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14, in which determiningthe second action includes determining the second action to follow a setof rules that govern actions of the computer opponent.
 18. The apparatusof claim 17, in which the set of rules identify which action will betaken in each possible state of the first game of poker, and in whichthe second action is determined in response to the first game of pokerbeing in a state that the set of rules associates with the secondaction.
 19. The apparatus of claim 14, in which determining the secondaction includes approximating human actions.
 20. The apparatus of claim14, in which determining the second action includes determining thesecond action based on a programmed strategy that simulates apersonality.
 21. A non-transitory storage medium configured to store aplurality of instruction which, when executed by at least one processor,controls: transmitting a first display signal to cause display of aninteractive graphical user interface indicating a first set of cards ona display screen of a first remote device player in a first game ofpoker; transmitting a second display signal to cause display of a secondinteractive graphical user interface indicating a second set of cards ona display screen of a computer opponent to the first remote deviceplayer in the first game of poker; detecting a first wager of a firstamount of money from the first remote device player in the first game ofpoker; determining a plurality of expected winning amounts of money, inwhich each of the plurality of expected winning amounts of moneycorresponds to a respective one of a plurality of possible wagers basedon a current state of the first game of poker, in which the plurality ofpossible wagers include different amounts of money being wagered;determining a second wager of a second amount of money to be placed bythe computer opponent to the first remote device player in the firstgame of poker, in which the second wager is determined (i) based on theplurality of expected winning amounts of money and (ii) so as to pursuea high paying outcome in the first game of poker even though winnings,of the plurality of expected winning amounts, would be optimized by notpursuing the high paying outcome; detecting a first action by the firstremote device player in the first game of poker; determining a secondaction to be taken by the computer opponent in the first game of poker;determining an outcome of the first game of poker; transmitting a thirddisplay signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating an outcome on the display screen of the firstremote device player; automatically identifying a second remote deviceplayer; tracking a current location of the first remote device playerbased on a real time location information signal from the first remotedevice player; comparing in real time the current location of the firstremote device player to at least one predetermined location of a secondgame of poker; while the current location of the first remote deviceplayer is determined to be proximate a given location of the at leastone predetermined location of the second game of poker, transmitting afourth display signal to cause display of the interactive graphical userinterface indicating a first alert that the current location of thefirst remote device player is proximate to the given location, of the atleast one predetermined location, of the second game of poker, on thedisplay screen of the first remote device player; transmitting a fifthdisplay signal to cause display of a third interactive graphical userinterface indicating a second alert that the first remote device playeris about to play the second game of poker, on a display screen of thesecond remote device player; detecting a second wager of a second amountof money from the second remote device player on an outcome of the firstremote device player; and determining an outcome of the second game ofpoker.